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Discretization is also related to discrete mathematics, and is an important component of granular computing. In this context, discretization may also refer to modification of variable or category granularity, as when multiple discrete variables are aggregated or multiple discrete categories fused.
A contrast is defined as the sum of each group mean multiplied by a coefficient for each group (i.e., a signed number, c j). [10] In equation form, = ¯ + ¯ + + ¯ ¯, where L is the weighted sum of group means, the c j coefficients represent the assigned weights of the means (these must sum to 0 for orthogonal contrasts), and ¯ j represents the group means. [8]
Von Neumann stability analysis is a commonly used procedure for the stability analysis of finite difference schemes as applied to linear partial differential equations. These results do not hold for nonlinear PDEs, where a general, consistent definition of stability is complicated by many properties absent in linear equations.
In this example, the original photograph is shown on left. The version on the right shows the effect of quantizing it to 16 colors and dithering using the 8×8 ordered dithering pattern. The characteristic 17 patterns of the 4×4 ordered dithering matrix can be seen clearly when used with only two colors, black and white.
The bilinear transform is a first-order Padé approximant of the natural logarithm function that is an exact mapping of the z-plane to the s-plane.When the Laplace transform is performed on a discrete-time signal (with each element of the discrete-time sequence attached to a correspondingly delayed unit impulse), the result is precisely the Z transform of the discrete-time sequence with the ...
The optimization of portfolios is an example of multi-objective optimization in economics. Since the 1970s, economists have modeled dynamic decisions over time using control theory. [14] For example, dynamic search models are used to study labor-market behavior. [15] A crucial distinction is between deterministic and stochastic models. [16]
The minimum [20] [22] maximum [23] are known to lie between . Similarly it is known that Erdős-Rényi graphs with edge probability precisely p = ( 1 + ϵ ) ln ( n ) / n {\displaystyle p=(1+\epsilon )\ln(n)/n} as n {\displaystyle n} goes to infinity will be connected and it has been conjectured [ 24 ] that this value is too the number at ...
A category C consists of two classes, one of objects and the other of morphisms.There are two objects that are associated to every morphism, the source and the target.A morphism f from X to Y is a morphism with source X and target Y; it is commonly written as f : X → Y or X Y the latter form being better suited for commutative diagrams.