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A string is defined as a contiguous sequence of code units terminated by the first zero code unit (often called the NUL code unit). [1] This means a string cannot contain the zero code unit, as the first one seen marks the end of the string. The length of a string is the number of code units before the zero code unit. [1]
The std::string class is the standard representation for a text string since C++98. The class provides some typical string operations like comparison, concatenation, find and replace, and a function for obtaining substrings. An std::string can be constructed from a C-style string, and a C-style string can also be obtained from one. [7]
A function. May be unary or n-ary (or always unary for languages without n-ary functions). func1, func2, etc. functions of specific arity. func (with no number) is the same as func1, also known as a projection in many languages. pred Unary function returning a Boolean value. (ML type: 'a -> bool) (C-like type: bool pred < T > (T t)). list The ...
The C++ Standard Library also supports for_each, [10] that applies each element to a function, which can be any predefined function or a lambda expression. While range-based for is only from the start to the end, the range or direction can be changed by altering the first two parameters.
For function that manipulate strings, modern object-oriented languages, like C# and Java have immutable strings and return a copy (in newly allocated dynamic memory), while others, like C manipulate the original string unless the programmer copies data to a new string.
When used in this sense, range is defined as "a pair of begin/end iterators packed together". [1] It is argued [1] that "Ranges are a superior abstraction" (compared to iterators) for several reasons, including better safety. In particular, such ranges are supported in C++20, [2] Boost C++ Libraries [3] and the D standard library. [4]
The C++ Standard Library provides several generic containers, functions to use and manipulate these containers, function objects, generic strings and streams (including interactive and file I/O), support for some language features, and functions for common tasks such as finding the square root of a number.
find: find: find: find: Finds an element with specific key. equal_range: equal_range: equal_range: equal_range: Returns a range of elements matching specific key. Bucket interface ... Hash policy ... Observers hash_function: hash_function: hash_function: hash_function: Returns the function used to create hash of a key key_eq: key_eq: key_eq ...