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Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) is a medical condition involving the death of tubular epithelial cells that form the renal tubules of the kidneys. Because necrosis is often not present, the term acute tubular injury (ATI) is preferred by pathologists over the older name acute tubular necrosis (ATN). [1] ATN presents with acute kidney injury (AKI ...
Interstitial nephritis is uncommon (<1% incidence) in patients without any symptoms but occurs in about 10-15% of hospitalized patients with acute kidney injury of unknown cause. [2] While it can occur in patients of all ages, it is more common in elderly patients, perhaps due to increased exposure to drugs and other triggering causes. [2]
AKI can be caused by systemic disease (such as a manifestation of an autoimmune disease, e.g., lupus nephritis), crush injury, contrast agents, some antibiotics, and more. AKI often occurs due to multiple processes. [10]: 31-32 The causes of acute kidney injury are commonly categorized into prerenal, intrinsic, and postrenal.
Tubulopathy. Tubulopathy is a disease affecting the renal tubules of the nephron. [1] Tubulopathic processes may be inflammatory or noninflammatory, though inflammatory processes are often referred to specifically as tubulitis. [2][3]
Fanconi syndrome. Fanconi syndrome or Fanconi's syndrome (English: / fɑːnˈkoʊni /, / fæn -/) is a syndrome of inadequate reabsorption in the proximal renal tubules [1] of the kidney. The syndrome can be caused by various underlying congenital or acquired diseases, by toxicity (for example, from toxic heavy metals), or by adverse drug ...
Gitelman syndrome; Other names: Primary renal tubular hypokalemic hypomagnesemia with hypocalciuria: A model of transport mechanisms in the distal convoluted tubule.Sodium chloride (NaCl) enters the cell via the apical thiazide-sensitive NCC and leaves the cell through the basolateral Cl − channel (ClC-Kb), and the Na + /K +-ATPase.
Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, recently renamed arginine vasopressin resistance (AVP-R) and previously known as renal diabetes insipidus, is a form of diabetes insipidus primarily due to pathology of the kidney. This is in contrast to central or neurogenic diabetes insipidus, which is caused by insufficient levels of vasopressin (also called ...
Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) is a medically approved way to treat people with tobacco use disorder by taking nicotine through means other than tobacco. [6] It is used to help with quitting smoking or stopping chewing tobacco. [1][7] It increases the chance of quitting tobacco smoking by about 55%. [8]