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Ebstein's anomaly is a congenital heart defect in which the septal and posterior leaflets of the tricuspid valve are displaced downwards towards the apex of the right ventricle of the heart. [1] EA has great anatomical heterogeneity that generates a wide spectrum of clinical features at presentation and is complicated by the fact that the ...
It consists of diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus, optic atrophy, and deafness, hence the acronym DIDMOAD. [20] While obesity is an independent risk factor for type 2 diabetes that may be linked to lifestyle, obesity is also a trait that may be strongly inherited.
Risk factors: Alcohol, diabetes, >40, rubella during pregnancy [5] Diagnostic method: Based on symptoms, echocardiogram [6] Differential diagnosis: Transposition of the great arteries, Eisenmenger syndrome, Ebstein anomaly [7] Treatment: Open heart surgery [8] Frequency: 1 in 2,000 babies [4]
Diabetic embryopathy refers to congenital maldevelopments that are linked to maternal diabetes. [1] Prenatal exposure to hyperglycemia can result in spontaneous abortions, perinatal mortality, and malformations. Type 1 and Type 2 diabetic pregnancies both increase the risk of diabetes-induced teratogenicity. [2]
Known environmental factors include certain infections during pregnancy such as rubella, drugs (alcohol, hydantoin, lithium and thalidomide) and maternal illness (diabetes mellitus, phenylketonuria, and systemic lupus erythematosus). [33] Alcohol exposure in the father also appears to increase the risk of congenital heart defects. [34]
[94] [95] Women requiring insulin to manage gestational diabetes have a 50% risk of developing diabetes within the next five years. [96] Depending on the population studied, the diagnostic criteria and the length of follow-up, the risk can vary enormously. [97] The risk appears to be highest in the first 5 years, reaching a plateau thereafter. [97]
The composition of dietary fat intake is linked to diabetes risk; decreasing consumption of saturated fats and trans fatty acids while replacing them with unsaturated fats may decrease the risk. [5] [8] Sugar sweetened drinks appear to increase the risk of type 2 diabetes both through their role in obesity and potentially through a direct effect.
In patients with diabetes, this may be caused by several factors, such as too much or incorrectly timed insulin, too much or incorrectly timed exercise (exercise decreases insulin requirements) or not enough food (specifically glucose containing carbohydrates). The variety of interactions makes cause identification difficult in many instances.