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In cell biology, a phagosome is a vesicle formed around a particle engulfed by a phagocyte via phagocytosis. Professional phagocytes include macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells (DCs). [1] A phagosome is formed by the fusion of the cell membrane around a microorganism, a senescent cell or an apoptotic cell.
Phagocytes derive from stem cells in the bone marrow. Phagocytes of humans and other jawed vertebrates are divided into "professional" and "non-professional" groups based on the efficiency with which they participate in phagocytosis. [7] The professional phagocytes are myeloid cells, which includes monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, tissue ...
Phagocytosis (from Ancient Greek φαγεῖν (phagein) 'to eat' and κύτος (kytos) 'cell') is the process by which a cell uses its plasma membrane to engulf a large particle (≥ 0.5 μm), giving rise to an internal compartment called the phagosome. It is one type of endocytosis. A cell that performs phagocytosis is called a phagocyte.
Phagocytic Cup Formation: Upon signal recognition, additional receptors are recruited to the site, and the phagocyte's plasma membrane begins to extend around the target, forming a structure called the phagocytic cup. [9] Phagosome Formation: Once the phagocytic cup has almost completely surrounded the target, the membrane extensions seal ...
When a phagocytic cell engulfs bacteria, a phagosome is formed around it and the entire complex is ultimately trafficked to the lysosome for degradation. These cells that participate in the non-specific immune system response do not differentiate between types of microorganisms but do have the ability to discern between what is self and what is ...
In detail, a phagocyte's duty is obtaining food particles and digesting it in a vacuole. [2] For example, following phagocytosis , the ingested particle (or phagosome) fuses with a lysosome containing hydrolytic enzymes to form a phagolysosome ; the pathogens or food particles within the phagosome are then digested by the lysosome's enzymes.
Immune cells can be divided into myeloid cells and lymphoid cells. Myeloid cells, including macrophages and neutrophils , are especially implicated in the respiratory burst. [ 1 ] They are phagocytic , and the respiratory burst is vital for the subsequent degradation of internalised bacteria or other pathogens .
The functional expression of Hv1 in phagocytes has been well characterized in mammals, and recently in zebrafish, [6] suggesting its important roles in the immune cells of mammals and non-mammalian vertebrates. A group of small molecule inhibitors of the Hv1 channel are shown as chemotherapeutics and anti-inflammatory agents.
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