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In logic, mathematics, computer science, and linguistics, a formal language consists of words whose letters are taken from an alphabet and are well-formed according to a specific set of rules called a formal grammar. The alphabet of a formal language consists of symbols, letters, or tokens that concatenate into strings called words. [1]
Formal language theory, the discipline that studies formal grammars and languages, is a branch of applied mathematics. Its applications are found in theoretical computer science, theoretical linguistics, formal semantics, mathematical logic, and other areas. A formal grammar is a set of rules for rewriting strings, along with a "start symbol ...
Sparse language; Splicing rule; Square-free word; Star height; Star height problem; Star-free language; Stochastic language; Straight-line grammar; String (computer science) String operations; Substring; Symbol (formal) Synchronous context-free grammar; Syntactic monoid; Syntactic predicate; Syntax (logic) Syntax diagram; Formal system
Decidable language; ECLR-attributed grammar; Finite language; Formal grammar; Formal language; Formal system; Generalized star height problem; Kleene algebra; Kleene star; L-attributed grammar; LR-attributed grammar; Myhill-Nerode theorem; Parsing expression grammar; Prefix grammar; Pumping lemma; Recursively enumerable language; Regular ...
The Chomsky hierarchy in the fields of formal language theory, computer science, and linguistics, is a containment hierarchy of classes of formal grammars. A formal grammar describes how to form strings from a language's vocabulary (or alphabet) that are valid according to the language's syntax.
The formal style is generally used in formal writing and speech. It is, for example, the language of textbooks, of much of Kannada literature and of public speaking and debate. Novels, even popular ones, will use the literary style for all description and narration and use the colloquial form only for dialogue, if they use it at all.
Rudolph Carnap defined the meaning of the adjective formal in 1934 as follows: "A theory, a rule, a definition, or the like is to be called formal when no reference is made in it either to the meaning of the symbols (for example, the words) or to the sense of the expressions (e.g. the sentences), but simply and solely to the kinds and order of the symbols from which the expressions are ...
Formal linguistics is the branch of linguistics which uses applied mathematical methods for the analysis of natural languages. Such methods include formal languages , formal grammars and first-order logical expressions.