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Map of the Sawad ("Irak") under the Abbasid Caliphate. Sawad was the name used in early Islamic times (7th–12th centuries) for southern Iraq.It means "black land" or "arable land" [1] and refers to the stark contrast between the alluvial plain of Mesopotamia and the Arabian Desert.
Most geographers, including those of the Iraqi government, discuss the country's geography in terms of four main zones or regions: the desert in the west and southwest; the rolling upland between the upper Tigris and Euphrates rivers (in Arabic the Dijla and Furat, respectively); the highlands in the north and northeast; and the alluvial plain through which the Tigris and Euphrates flow.
As their name suggests, the Mesopotamian Marshes are located in the larger region which used to be called Mesopotamia. Modern day Mesopotamia is now occupied by Iraq, parts of eastern Syria, south-eastern Turkey, southwest Iran, and northern Kuwait. The marshes lie mostly within southern Iraq and a portion of southwestern Iran and northern Kuwait.
Ancient humans are believed to have first begun land cultivation in Iraq. Their modern-day counterparts are giving it up. Iraq's Great Thirst: Farmers quit as climate change and politics dry up a ...
Map of the Fertile Crescent A 15th century copy of Ptolemy's fourth Asian map, depicting the area known as the Fertile Crescent. The Fertile Crescent (Arabic: الهلال الخصيب) is a crescent-shaped region in the Middle East, spanning modern-day Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, and Syria, together with northern Kuwait, south-eastern Turkey, and western Iran.
Percentage figures for arable land, permanent crops land and other lands are all taken from the CIA World Factbook [1] as well as total land area figures [2] (Note: the total area of a country is defined as the sum of total land area and total water area together.) All other figures, including total cultivated land area, are calculated on the ...
[4] [5] Erbil Citadel and The Ahwar of Southern Iraq were added to the list in 2014 and 2016, respectively, the latter being Iraq's first mixed property. [6] [7] Later on, Babylon was added in 2019. [8] As of 2024, three of the five properties are placed on UNESCO's List of World Heritage in Danger.
Military operations in three wars (Iran–Iraq War, Gulf War, and Iraq War) have left unexploded ordnance and land mines in exposed positions, killing or wounding an estimated 100,000 people in the early 2000s. Ordnances are considered an environmental hazard due to their high concentrations of toxic metals.