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The history of computing is longer than the history of computing hardware and modern computing technology and includes the history of methods intended for pen and paper or for chalk and slate, with or without the aid of tables.
Stephen White, A Brief History of Computing; The Computer History in time and space, Graphing Project, an attempt to build a graphical image of computer history, in particular operating systems. The Computer Revolution/Timeline at Wikibooks "File:Timeline.pdf - Engineering and Technology History Wiki" (PDF). ethw.org. 2012.
History of Computers (1989–2004) in PC World excerpts; How It Works – The Computer, 1971 and 1979 editions, by David Carey, illustrated by B. H. Robinson; PC History Stan Veit's classic work on the history of Pre-IBM personal computers. WWW-VL: Internet History Archived 2020-05-28 at the Wayback Machine
The history of computing hardware spans the developments from early devices used for simple calculations to today's complex computers, encompassing advancements in both analog and digital technology. The first aids to computation were purely mechanical devices which required the operator to set up the initial values of an elementary arithmetic ...
The history of computer science began long before the modern discipline of computer science, usually appearing in forms like mathematics or physics. Developments in previous centuries alluded to the discipline that we now know as computer science. [ 1 ]
Hewlett-Packard entered the general-purpose computer business with its HP-2116A for computation, offering power formerly found only in much larger computers. It supported a wide variety of languages, among them ALGOL, BASIC, and FORTRAN. 1967: US/CH Development of programming language Pascal begun, continued in Switzerland from 1968 to 1971. [25]
A human computer, with microscope and calculator, 1952. It was not until the mid-20th century that the word acquired its modern definition; according to the Oxford English Dictionary, the first known use of the word computer was in a different sense, in a 1613 book called The Yong Mans Gleanings by the English writer Richard Brathwait: "I haue [] read the truest computer of Times, and the best ...
Software is a recent development in human history and is fundamental to the Information Age. Ada Lovelace 's programs for Charles Babbage 's Analytical Engine in the 19th century are often considered the founder of the discipline.