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Baclofen, sold under the brand name Lioresal among others, is a medication used to treat muscle spasticity, such as from a spinal cord injury or multiple sclerosis. [8] [9] It may also be used for hiccups and muscle spasms near the end of life, [9] and off-label to treat alcohol use disorder [10] [11] or opioid withdrawal symptoms. [12]
Apixaban, sold under the brand name Eliquis, is an anticoagulant medication used to treat and prevent blood clots and to prevent stroke in people with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation through directly inhibiting factor Xa.
Threshold dose is the minimum dose of drug that triggers minimal detectable biological effect in an animal. [1] At extremely low doses, biological responses are absent for some of the drugs. The increase in dose above threshold dose induces an increase in the percentage of biological responses. [2]
The therapeutic window (or pharmaceutical window) of a drug is the range of drug dosages which can treat disease effectively without having toxic effects. [25] Medication with a small therapeutic window must be administered with care and control, frequently measuring blood concentration of the drug, to avoid harm.
The median effective dose is the dose that produces a quantal effect (all or nothing) in 50% of the population that takes it (median referring to the 50% population base). [6] It is also sometimes abbreviated as the ED 50, meaning "effective dose for 50% of the population". The ED50 is commonly used as a measure of the reasonable expectancy of ...
Its main focus is on drugs with a narrow therapeutic range, i.e. drugs that can easily be under- or overdosed. [1] TDM aimed at improving patient care by individually adjusting the dose of drugs for which clinical experience or clinical trials have shown it improved outcome in the general or special populations.
grapefruit juice-mediated inhibition of enzymes that metabolize the drug to an inactive metabolite leads to too high doses of the drug in the body [27] grapefruit juice-mediated inhibition of membrane transport proteins from the intestine to the blood, or inhibition of enzymes that activates a prodrug to an active metabolite leads to ...
The EC 50 of a quantal dose response curve represents the concentration of a compound where 50% of the population exhibit a response, [5] after a specified exposure duration. For clarification, a graded dose response curve shows the graded effect of the drug (y axis) over the dose of the drug (x axis) in one or an average of subjects.