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Apocynaceae (/ ə ˌ p ɑː s ə ˈ n eɪ s i ˌ aɪ,-s iː ˌ iː /, from Apocynum, Greek for "dog-away") is a family of flowering plants that includes trees, shrubs, herbs, stem succulents, and vines, commonly known as the dogbane family, [1] because some taxa were used as dog poison.
Apocynoideae is a subfamily of the flowering plant family Apocynaceae (order Gentianales), also called the 'dogbane' or milkweed family, containing about 860 species across 78 genera. Several are of pharmacological interest; Strophanthus has furnished highly effective arrow poisons , due to their cardiac glycoside content. [ 3 ]
Clasping-leaf dogbane, Apocynum cannabinum. There are at least 28 members of the dogbane, gentian and milkweed order, Gentianales, found in Montana. [1] Some of these species are exotics (not native to Montana) [2] and some species have been designated as Species of Concern. [3]
Apocynum androsaemifolium is a perennial herb with branching stems, hairs on the underside of the leaves, and no hair on the stems. [3] [4] [5] It grows to 20–30 centimetres (8–12 inches), exceptionally 50 cm (20 in).
More specifically, C. auratus feeds on the Apocynum cannabinum and Apocynum androsaemifolium dogbane varieties. Larvae of the dogbane beetle will typically feed on the roots of the plants while adults will feed on the leaves of the plants. [3] Plants in the Apocynum genus release toxins, called cardenolides, as a defense
Dogbane, dog-bane, dog's bane, [citation needed] and other variations, some of them regional and some transient, are names for certain plants that are reputed to kill or repel dogs; "bane" originally meant "slayer", and was later applied to plants to indicate that they were poisonous to particular creatures.
Sown outdoors after frost, a plant will flower and produce seed in the third year. It is difficult to transplant once established, as it has a deep, woody taproot. [10] [11] A. tuberosa is a larval food plant of the queen and monarch butterflies, as well as the dogbane tiger moth, milkweed tussock moth, and the unexpected cycnia.
Fourleaf milkweed is a perennial herb with an upright stem growing from a fleshy rhizome. The stem has a milky sap. [4] The plant is small and slender compared to other milkweeds at only 50 centimetres (20 in) tall. [6] Leaves are usually elliptic to ovate and 2.5–12.0 centimetres (1.0–4.7 in) long and 1–6 centimetres (0.4–2.4 in) wide. [7]