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The DTF reaction. Deuterium–tritium fusion (DTF) is a type of nuclear fusion in which one deuterium (2 H) nucleus (deuteron) fuses with one tritium (3 H) nucleus (triton), giving one helium-4 nucleus, one free neutron, and 17.6 MeV of total energy coming from both the neutron and helium.
At the temperature created by fission in the core, tritium and deuterium can undergo thermonuclear fusion without a high level of compression. The fusion of tritium and deuterium produces a neutron with an energy of 14 MeV—a much higher energy than the 1 MeV of the neutron that began the reaction. This creation of high-energy neutrons, rather ...
Consequently, the deuterium-tritium fuel cycle requires the breeding of tritium from lithium using one of the following reactions: 1 0 n + 6 3 Li → 3 1 T + 4 2 He 1 0 n + 7 3 Li → 3 1 T + 4 2 He + 1 0 n. The reactant neutron is supplied by the D-T fusion reaction shown above, and the one that has the greatest energy yield.
A NIF fusion shot on September 27, 2013, produced more energy than was absorbed by the deuterium–tritium fuel. [120] This has been confused with having reached "scientific breakeven", [121] [122] defined as the fusion energy exceeding the laser input energy. [123] Using this definition gives 14.4 kJ out and 1.8 MJ in, a ratio of 0.008. [120]
On 21 December 2021, JET produced 59 megajoules using deuterium-tritium fuel while sustaining fusion during a five-second pulse, beating its previous record of 21.7 megajoules with Q = 0.33, set in 1997. [28] [40] In October 2023, JET set its final fusion energy record, producing 69.29 megajoules over 6 seconds from only 0.21 mg of D-T fuel.
Inertial confinement fusion (ICF) is a fusion energy process that initiates nuclear fusion reactions by compressing and heating targets filled with fuel. The targets are small pellets, typically containing deuterium (2 H) and tritium (3 H). Energy is deposited in the target's outer layer, which explodes outward.
Inside this is the fusion fuel, usually a form of lithium deuteride, which is used because it is easier to weaponize than liquefied tritium/deuterium gas. This dry fuel, when bombarded by neutrons, produces tritium, a heavy isotope of hydrogen that can undergo nuclear fusion, along with the deuterium present in the mixture.
While neutral beam injection is used primarily for plasma heating, it can also be used as a diagnostic tool and in feedback control by making a pulsed beam consisting of a string of brief 2–10 ms beam blips. Deuterium is a primary fuel for neutral beam heating systems and hydrogen and helium are sometimes used for selected experiments.