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Steinmetz's equation, sometimes called the power equation, [1] is an empirical equation used to calculate the total power loss (core losses) per unit volume in magnetic materials when subjected to external sinusoidally varying magnetic flux.
The free-space path loss (FSPL) formula derives from the Friis transmission formula. [3] This states that in a radio system consisting of a transmitting antenna transmitting radio waves to a receiving antenna, the ratio of radio wave power received P r {\displaystyle P_{r}} to the power transmitted P t {\displaystyle P_{t}} is:
The loss tangent is then defined as the ratio (or angle in a complex plane) of the lossy reaction to the electric field E in the curl equation to the lossless reaction: tan δ = ω ε ″ + σ ω ε ′ . {\displaystyle \tan \delta ={\frac {\omega \varepsilon ''+\sigma }{\omega \varepsilon '}}.}
In an electrical or electronic circuit or power system part of the energy in play is dissipated by unwanted effects, including energy lost by unwanted heating of resistive components (electricity is also used for the intention of heating, which is not a loss), the effect of parasitic elements (resistance, capacitance, and inductance), skin effect, losses in the windings and cores of ...
A simple link budget equation looks like this: Received power (dBm) = transmitted power (dBm) + gains (dB) − losses (dB) Power levels are expressed in , Power gains and losses are expressed in decibels (dB), which is a logarithmic measurement, so adding decibels is equivalent to multiplying the actual power ratios.
Eddy currents can also have undesirable effects, for instance power loss in transformers. In this application, they are minimized with thin plates, by lamination of conductors or other details of conductor shape. Self-induced eddy currents are responsible for the skin effect in conductors. [1]
For low-frequency applications, the power loss can be minimized by employing conductors with a large cross-sectional area, made from low-resistivity metals.With high-frequency currents, the proximity effect and skin effect cause the current to be unevenly distributed across the conductor, increasing its effective resistance, and making loss calculations more difficult.
Path loss, or path attenuation, is the reduction in power density (attenuation) of an electromagnetic wave as it propagates through space. [1] Path loss is a major component in the analysis and design of the link budget of a telecommunication system. This term is commonly used in wireless communications and signal propagation.