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Combinatorics is an area of mathematics primarily concerned with counting, both as a means and as an end to obtaining results, and certain properties of finite structures.It is closely related to many other areas of mathematics and has many applications ranging from logic to statistical physics and from evolutionary biology to computer science.
Combinatorics has always played an important role in quantum field theory and statistical physics. [3] However, combinatorial physics only emerged as a specific field after a seminal work by Alain Connes and Dirk Kreimer , [ 4 ] showing that the renormalization of Feynman diagrams can be described by a Hopf algebra .
In mathematics, Pascal's triangle is an infinite triangular array of the binomial coefficients which play a crucial role in probability theory, combinatorics, and algebra.In much of the Western world, it is named after the French mathematician Blaise Pascal, although other mathematicians studied it centuries before him in Persia, [1] India, [2] China, Germany, and Italy.
In combinatorics, the twelvefold way is a systematic classification of 12 related enumerative problems concerning two finite sets, which include the classical problems of counting permutations, combinations, multisets, and partitions either of a set or of a number.
This theorem is part of a collection of remarkably powerful theorems in combinatorics, all of which are related to each other in an informal sense in that it is more straightforward to prove one of these theorems from another of them than from first principles. These include: The König–Egerváry theorem (1931) (Dénes Kőnig, Jenő Egerváry)
Conversely, it is possible to 2-colour a K 5 without creating any monochromatic K 3, showing that R(3, 3) > 5. The unique [b] colouring is shown to the right. Thus R(3, 3) = 6. The task of proving that R(3, 3) ≤ 6 was one of the problems of William Lowell Putnam Mathematical Competition in 1953, as well as in the Hungarian Math Olympiad in 1947.
In 2009, Philippe Flajolet and Robert Sedgewick wrote the book Analytic Combinatorics, which presents analytic combinatorics with their viewpoint and notation. Some of the earliest work on multivariate generating functions started in the 1970s using probabilistic methods. [11] [12] Development of further multivariate techniques started in the ...
The electromagnetic tensor is the combination of the electric and magnetic fields into a covariant antisymmetric tensor whose entries are B-field quantities. [1] = (/ / / / / /) and the result of raising its indices is = = (/ / / / / /), where E is the electric field, B the magnetic field, and c the speed of light.