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A time-domain reflectometer; an instrument used to locate the position of faults on lines from the time taken for a reflected wave to return from the discontinuity.. A signal travelling along an electrical transmission line will be partly, or wholly, reflected back in the opposite direction when the travelling signal encounters a discontinuity in the characteristic impedance of the line, or if ...
In electrical engineering, transmission-line pulse (TLP) is a way to study integrated circuit technologies and circuit behavior in the current and time domain of electrostatic discharge (ESD) events. The concept was described shortly after WWII in pp. 175–189 of Pulse Generators, Vol. 5 of the MIT Radiation Lab Series. Also, D. Bradley, J ...
A dual powered protection relay powered by the current obtained from the line by a CT. The striker is also shown. Self-powered relays operate on energy derived from the protected circuit, through the current transformers used to measure line current, for example. This eliminates the cost and reliability question of a separate supply.
Electric current passing through the conductor causes heating according to Joule's first law, resulting in the conductor expanding and the line sagging. Transmission ratings are set with a maximum allowable conductor temperature ( annealing temperature ) and minimum clearance rules to comply with legislation and regulation.
TDR trace of a transmission line terminated on an oscilloscope high impedance input driven by a step input from a matched source. The blue trace is the signal as seen at the far end. These traces were produced by a commercial TDR using a step waveform with a 25 ps risetime, a sampling head with a 35 ps risetime, and an 18-inch (0.46 m) SMA ...
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Distance protection detects both voltage and current. A fault on a circuit will generally create a sag in the voltage level. If the ratio of voltage to current measured at the relay terminals, which equates to an impedance, lands within a predetermined level the circuit breaker will operate.
They were developed by Oliver Heaviside who created the transmission line model, and are based on Maxwell's equations. Schematic representation of the elementary component of a transmission line. The transmission line model is an example of the distributed-element model. It represents the transmission line as an infinite series of two-port ...