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  2. Kaleidoscope - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaleidoscope

    A toy kaleidoscope. A kaleidoscope (/ k ə ˈ l aɪ d ə s k oʊ p /) is an optical instrument with two or more reflecting surfaces (or mirrors) tilted to each other at an angle, so that one or more (parts of) objects on one end of these mirrors are shown as a symmetrical pattern when viewed from the other end, due to repeated reflection.

  3. David Brewster - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brewster

    Sir David Brewster KH PRSE FRS FSA Scot FSSA MICE (11 December 1781 – 10 February 1868) was a Scottish scientist, inventor, author, and academic administrator. In science he is principally remembered for his experimental work in physical optics, mostly concerned with the study of the polarization of light and including the discovery of Brewster's angle.

  4. Teleidoscope - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleidoscope

    A teleidoscope is a kind of kaleidoscope, with a lens and an open view, so it can be used to form kaleidoscopic patterns from objects outside the instrument, rather than from items installed as part of it. Invented by John Lyon Burnside III [1] and Harry Hay, the patent was filed in 1970 and granted in 1972. [2] A large teleidoscope in a public ...

  5. Thaumatrope - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thaumatrope

    British mathematician Charles Babbage recalled in 1864 that the thaumatrope was invented by the geologist William Henry Fitton. Babbage had told Fitton how the astronomer John Herschel had challenged him to show both sides of a shilling at once. Babbage held the coin in front of a mirror, but Herschel showed how both sides were visible when the ...

  6. List of Scottish inventions and discoveries - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Scottish...

    Scottish inventions and discoveries are objects, processes or techniques either partially or entirely invented, innovated, or discovered by a person born in or descended from Scotland. In some cases, an invention's Scottishness is determined by the fact that it came into existence in Scotland (e.g., animal cloning ), by non-Scots working in the ...

  7. Optical toys - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_toys

    John Gorham 3D a small metal strip or crystal shape forming the half of a contour image is spun around fast to appear as a full solid 3D object, marketed by Stereoscopic Company (London Stereoscopic & Photographic Co.) [6] [7] 1868 Flip book: John Barnes Linnett: animation 1877 Praxinoscope: Charles-Émile Reynaud: animation 1894 Mutoscope

  8. Charles Francis Jenkins - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Francis_Jenkins

    At the Bliss Electrical School, in Washington, D.C., Jenkins met his classmate Thomas Armat, and together they improved the design. They did a public screening at Cotton States and International Exposition in Atlanta in 1895 and subsequently broke up quarreling over patent issues. This modified Phantoscope of Jenkins and Armat was patented July ...

  9. 1871 in science - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1871_in_science

    Cosmos: A Sketch of a Physical Description of the Universe by Alexander von Humboldt, covering a large number of topics in scientific exploration and invention.; The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex by Charles Darwin, outlining his theory for man's origins and his theory of sexual selection, and including his first published use of the term evolution (published by John Murray in ...