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Atrophic non-union results in re-absorption and rounding of bone ends [6] due to inadequate blood supply and excessive mobility of the bone ends. [4] Mal-union: healing occurs but the healed bone has 'angular deformity, translation, or rotational alignment that requires surgical correction'. This is most common in long bones such as the femur.
Cold therapy reduces inflammation, edema, pain, and muscle spasms associated with acute back injury. [19] Heat therapy is used to reduce pain and alleviate sore and stiff muscles. [19] Heat therapy is proposed to work by facilitating delivery of nutrients and oxygen to the site of injury to accommodate healing. [19]
Angiogenesis occurs in overlapping phases in response to inflammation: Latent period: During the haemostatic and inflammatory phase of the wound healing process, vasodilation and permeabilisation allow leukocyte extravasation and phagocytic debridement and decontamination of the wound area. Tissue swelling aids later angiogenesis by expanding ...
Fibrosis can occur in many tissues within the body, typically as a result of inflammation or damage. Common sites of fibrosis include the lungs, liver, kidneys, brain, and heart: Micrograph showing cirrhosis of the liver. The tissue in this example is stained with a trichrome stain, in which fibrosis is colored blue.
The steroid medications reduce inflammation and thus decrease pain and improve function. [70] ESI has long been used to both diagnose and treat back pain, although recent evidence, including a 2025 clinical practice guideline published in BMJ, [71] recommends against the use of ESI for chronic back pain due to a lack of efficacy. [72]
At the start of the 20th century, physicians thought low back pain was caused by inflammation of or damage to the nerves, [134] with neuralgia and neuritis frequently mentioned by them in the medical literature of the time. [135] The popularity of such proposed causes decreased during the 20th century. [135]
Crepitus can easily be created and observed by exerting a small amount of force on a joint, thus 'cracking it'. This is caused by bubbles of nitrogen forming in the synovial fluid bursting. Almost every joint in the body can be 'cracked' in this way, but the joints which require the least amount of force to produce this effect include the ...
Osteoarthritis most often occurs in the hands (at the ends of the fingers and thumbs), neck, lower back, knees, and hips. The main symptom is pain , causing loss of ability and often stiffness. The pain is typically made worse by prolonged activity and relieved by rest.