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In the fundamental branches of modern physics, namely general relativity and its widely applicable subset special relativity, as well as relativistic quantum mechanics and relativistic quantum field theory, the Lorentz transformation is the transformation rule under which all four-vectors and tensors containing physical quantities transform from one frame of reference to another.
A critical requirement of the Lorentz transformations is the invariance of the speed of light, a fact used in their derivation, and contained in the transformations themselves. If in F the equation for a pulse of light along the x direction is x = ct, then in F′ the Lorentz transformations give x′ = ct′, and vice versa, for any −c < v < c.
In other words, the laws of physics will be the same whether you are testing them in a frame 'at rest', or a frame moving with a constant velocity relative to the 'rest' frame. The speed of light in a perfect classical vacuum ( c 0 {\displaystyle c_{0}} ) is measured to be the same by all observers in inertial frames and is, moreover, finite ...
The velocity, in contrast, is the rate of change of the position in (three-dimensional) space of the object, as seen by an observer, with respect to the observer's time. The value of the magnitude of an object's four-velocity, i.e. the quantity obtained by applying the metric tensor g to the four-velocity U , that is ‖ U ‖ 2 = U ⋅ U = g ...
Two methods of construction are obvious from Fig. 3-2: the x-axis is drawn perpendicular to the ct′-axis, the x′ and ct-axes are added at angle φ; and the x′-axis is drawn at angle θ with respect to the ct′-axis, the x-axis is added perpendicular to the ct′-axis and the ct-axis perpendicular to the x′-axis.
Where v is velocity, x, y, and z are Cartesian coordinates in 3-dimensional space, c is the constant representing the universal speed limit, and t is time, the four-dimensional vector v = (ct, x, y, z) = (ct, r) is classified according to the sign of c 2 t 2 − r 2. A vector is timelike if c 2 t 2 > r 2, spacelike if c 2 t 2 < r 2, and null or ...
The ct′ axis passes through the events in frame S′ which have x′ = 0. But the points with x′ = 0 are moving in the x-direction of frame S with velocity v, so that they are not coincident with the ct axis at any time other than zero. Therefore, the ct′ axis is tilted with respect to the ct axis by an angle θ given by [31]: 23–31
4-velocity =, where is the proper time 4-momentum P = m 0 U {\displaystyle \mathbf {P} =m_{0}\mathbf {U} } , where m 0 {\displaystyle m_{0}} is the rest mass 4-wavevector K = 1 ℏ P {\displaystyle \mathbf {K} ={\frac {1}{\hbar }}\mathbf {P} } , which is the 4-vector version of the Planck–Einstein relation & the de Broglie matter wave relation