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Polyphenol oxidase is an enzyme found throughout the plant and animal kingdoms, [31] including most fruits and vegetables. [32] PPO has importance to the food industry because it catalyzes enzymatic browning when tissue is damaged from bruising, compression or indentations, making the produce less marketable and causing economic loss.
The general process of winemaking is initiated by the enzymatic oxidation of phenolic compounds by polyphenol oxidases. [4] Contact between the phenolic compounds in the vacuole of the grape cell and the polyphenol oxidase enzyme (located in the cytoplasm) triggers the oxidation of the grape. Thus, the initial browning of grapes occurs as a ...
The eggs develop and are fertilized in the spring with warmer weather. Eggs are expelled by females in their second year of life and are fertilized outside of the body by males. Spawning season first begins when the water temperatures increase to 12 degrees Celsius and the eggs are generally released when the water reaches 17-18 degrees Celsius.
l-DOPA, also known as l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine and used medically as levodopa, is made and used as part of the normal biology of some plants [2] and animals, including humans. Humans, as well as a portion of the other animals that utilize l -DOPA, make it via biosynthesis from the amino acid l -tyrosine .
A mussel (genus Mytilus), attached to a rock by its byssus Illustration of the byssus of Dreissena polymorpha, the freshwater zebra mussel. A byssus (/ ˈ b ɪ s ə s /) is a bundle of filaments secreted by many species of bivalve mollusc that function to attach the mollusc to a solid surface.
Freshwater Bivalves can utilize either ovoviviparous or viviparous reproduction strategies, ovoviviparous meaning that embryos develop and grow in eggs inside the female until they are ready to be released. The embryos get nutrition from egg yolk, but are not connected to the mother by a placental connection. Viviparous meaning embryos develop ...
Geukensia demissa is a species of mussel, a marine bivalve mollusk in the family Mytilidae, the true mussels.This species is native to the Atlantic coast of North America. The common names for this species include ribbed mussel, Atlantic ribbed marsh mussel and ribbed horsemussel. [1]
Unionidae burrow into the substrate, with their posterior margins exposed. They pump water through the incurrent aperture, obtaining oxygen and food. They remove phytoplankton and zooplankton, as well as suspended bacteria, fungal spores, and dissolved organic matter.