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A 4-2-1 exhaust system is a type of exhaust manifold for an engine with four cylinders per bank, such as an inline-four engine or a V8 engine. The layout of a 4-2-1 system is as follows: four pipes (primary) come off the cylinder head , and merge into two pipes (secondary), which in turn finally link up to form one collector pipe.
Boost gauge on a Ford Focus RS (left) 30 psi Boost gauge Top: Turbo/APC boost gauge in a Saab 900. A boost gauge [1] is a pressure gauge that indicates manifold air pressure or turbocharger or supercharger boost pressure [2] in an internal combustion engine. They are commonly mounted on the dashboard, on the driver's side pillar, or in a radio ...
The way they do this is during a deceleration of the vehicle when there is low absolute pressure in the intake manifold (i.e., a high vacuum present in the intake manifold relative to the outside air) the powertrain control module (PCM) will open the EGR valve and then monitor the MAP sensor's values. If the EGR is functioning properly, the ...
The exhaust then splits into two separate sections of piping, exiting through two 3.75 in (95 mm) stainless steel tips at the rear of the vehicle. The exhaust system is unique in that there is no muffler, instead relying on the turbocharger and resonators to reduce the exhaust volume. The result is a very distinctive and audible exhaust note. [21]
The inlet manifold of a reverse-flow cylinder head may be connected to the exhaust by a heat riser to transfer further heat, improving low rpm response and emissions as a result. Costs can be reduced in production engines by casting the inlet and exhaust manifolds as one unit. This also transfers further heat to the inlet eliminating the need ...
The vacuum wave arrives in the cylinder during the transfer cycle and helps suck in fresh mixture from the crankcase into the cylinder, and/or prevent the suction of exhaust gases into the crankcase (due to crankcase vacuum). [3] However, the wave may also suck fresh mixture out the exhaust port into the header of the expansion chamber.