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  2. Soil horizon - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_horizon

    The WRB lists 40 diagnostic horizons. In addition to these diagnostic horizons, some other soil characteristics may be needed to define a soil type. Some soils do not have a clear development of horizons. A soil horizon is a result of soil-forming processes (pedogenesis). [5] Layers that have not undergone such processes may be simply called ...

  3. USDA soil taxonomy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USDA_soil_taxonomy

    The soil suborders within an order are differentiated on the basis of soil properties and horizons which depend on soil moisture and temperature. Forty-seven suborders are recognized in the United States. [6] The soil great group category is a subdivision of a suborder in which the kind and sequence of soil horizons distinguish one soil from ...

  4. Cambic horizon - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambic_horizon

    Influenced primarily by soil forming processes over time, it commonly forms below an albic horizon. It has less clay content than an argillic horizon but is still a visible layer. [3] In the pedogenesis process under a chronosequence, once the soil develops into an alfisol, the Cambic horizon will develop into an argillic (Bt) horizon.

  5. World Reference Base for Soil Resources - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Reference_Base_for...

    albic horizon (the claric material is the result of a soil-forming process, here: downward migration of clay minerals and oxides) Question 2: To which RSG does the soil belong? We have to go through the key, RSG for RSG. This soil is not a Histosol, not an Anthrosol, not a Technosol etc. Finally, we end up with the Luvisol. This is the first ...

  6. Soil fertility - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_fertility

    Soil scientists use the capital letters O, A, B, C, and E to identify the master horizons, and lowercase letters for distinctions of these horizons. Most soils have three major horizons—the surface horizon (A), the subsoil (B), and the substratum (C). Some soils have an organic horizon (O) on the surface, but this horizon can also be buried.

  7. Soil morphology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_morphology

    Field equipment for soil description. Soil morphology is the branch of soil science dedicated to the technical description of soil, [1] particularly physical properties including texture, color, structure, and consistence. Morphological evaluations of soil are typically performed in the field on a soil profile containing multiple horizons. [2]

  8. Umbric horizon - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbric_horizon

    The umbric horizon (Latin: umbra, shade) is a thick, dark coloured, surface soil horizon rich in organic matter. It is identified by its dark colour and structure. Normally it has a pH of less than 5.5 representing a base saturation of less than 50 percent. An indication for soil acidity is a rooting pattern whereby the roots tend to be ...

  9. Canadian system of soil classification - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_system_of_soil...

    The A horizon is neutral to slightly acid and is well supplied with bases such as calcium. The C horizon usually contains calcium carbonate (lime); it may contain more soluble salts such as gypsum. Chernozemic soils have mean annual soil temperatures above 0 °C and occur in regions of semiarid and subhumid climates.