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  2. Human interactions with microbes - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_interactions_with...

    Human interactions with microbes include both practical and symbolic uses of microbes, and negative interactions in the form of human, domestic animal, and crop diseases. Practical use of microbes began in ancient times with fermentation in food processing ; bread , beer and wine have been produced by yeasts from the dawn of civilisation, such ...

  3. Biomagnification - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomagnification

    Biomagnification is a process causing the concentration of a substance (crosses) to increase at higher levels of the food chain. In this scenario, a pond has been contaminated with toxic waste. Further up the food chain, the concentration of the contaminant increases, sometimes resulting in the top consumer dying.

  4. Human impact on the nitrogen cycle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_impact_on_the...

    Human activities dominate the global and most regional N cycles. [36] N inputs have shown negative consequences for both nutrient cycling and native species diversity in terrestrial and aquatic systems. In fact, due to long-term impacts on food webs, Nr inputs are widely considered the most critical pollution problem in marine systems. [8]

  5. Centrifuge - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrifuge

    Human centrifuges are exceptionally large centrifuges that test the reactions and tolerance of pilots and astronauts to acceleration above those experienced in the Earth's gravity. The first centrifuges used for human research were used by Erasmus Darwin, the grandfather of Charles Darwin. The first large-scale human centrifuge designed for ...

  6. Gas centrifuge - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_centrifuge

    Diagram of a gas centrifuge with countercurrent flow, used for separating isotopes of uranium. A gas centrifuge is a device that performs isotope separation of gases. A centrifuge relies on the principles of centrifugal force accelerating molecules so that particles of different masses are physically separated in a gradient along the radius of a rotating container.

  7. Centrifugation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrifugation

    In the chemical and food industries, special centrifuges can process a continuous stream of particle turning into separated liquid like plasma. Centrifugation is also the most common method used for uranium enrichment , relying on the slight mass difference between atoms of U-238 and U-235 in uranium hexafluoride gas.

  8. Decanter centrifuge - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decanter_Centrifuge

    Decanter centrifuges require a centrifugal force for the separation of the solids from the liquid. This characteristic is dependent on the radius of the centrifuge and its angular rotational speed. A decanter centrifuge applies a force equivalent to several thousand G's, which reduces the settling time of the particles.

  9. Ultracentrifuge - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultracentrifuge

    An ultracentrifuge is a centrifuge optimized for spinning a rotor at very high speeds, capable of generating acceleration as high as 1 000 000 g (approx. 9 800 km/s²). [1] There are two kinds of ultracentrifuges, the preparative and the analytical ultracentrifuge.