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Hypersomnia can be primary (of central/brain origin), or it can be secondary to any of numerous medical conditions. More than one type of hypersomnia can coexist in a single patient. Even in the presence of a known cause of hypersomnia, the contribution of this cause to the complaint of excessive daytime sleepiness needs to be assessed.
Idiopathic hypersomnia (IH) is a neurological disorder which is characterized primarily by excessive sleep and excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS). [1] Idiopathic hypersomnia was first described by Bedrich Roth in 1976, and it can be divided into two forms: polysymptomatic and monosymptomatic.
Treatment of excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) relies on identifying and treating the underlying disorder which may cure the person from the EDS. Drugs like modafinil , [ 22 ] armodafinil , [ 23 ] pitolisant [ 24 ] (Wakix), sodium oxybate (Xyrem) oral solution, have been approved as treatment for EDS symptoms in the United States.
Many of which present with similar symptoms such as excessive daytime sleepiness, which, in the absence of volitional sleep deprivation, "is almost inevitably caused by an identifiable and treatable sleep disorder", such as sleep apnea, narcolepsy, idiopathic hypersomnia, Kleine–Levin syndrome, menstrual-related hypersomnia, idiopathic ...
Further treatments options are phototherapy [13] [3] and infrared light therapy, [9] which both, aim to treat circadian rhythm disorders such as delayed sleep phase disorder. Especially in patients with hypersomnia, bright light therapy in the morning has been proven to be effective. [9]
Kleine–Levin syndrome (KLS) is a rare neurological disorder characterized by persistent episodic hypersomnia accompanied by cognitive and behavioral changes. These changes may include disinhibition (failure to inhibit actions or words), sometimes manifested through hypersexuality, hyperphagia or emotional lability, and other symptoms, such as derealization.
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