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A UPC barcode. The Universal Product Code (UPC or UPC code) is a barcode symbology that is used worldwide for tracking trade items in stores.. The chosen symbology has bars (or spaces) of exactly 1, 2, 3, or 4 units wide each; each decimal digit to be encoded consists of two bars and two spaces chosen to have a total width of 7 units, in both an "even" and an "odd" parity form, which enables ...
For instance, the UPC-A barcode for a box of tissues is "036000241457". The last digit is the check digit "7", and if the other numbers are correct then the check digit calculation must produce 7. Add the odd number digits: 0+6+0+2+1+5 = 14. Multiply the result by 3: 14 × 3 = 42. Add the even number digits: 3+0+0+4+4 = 11.
Type of bit parity Successful transmission scenario Even parity: Alice wants to transmit: 1001 and 1011 Alice computes parity bit value: 1+0+0+1 (mod 2) = 0 1+0+1+1 (mod 2) = 1 Alice adds parity bit and sends: 10010 and 10111. Bob receives: 10010 and 10111 Bob computes parity: 1+0+0+1+0 (mod 2) = 0
A checksum of a message is a modular arithmetic sum of message code words of a fixed word length (e.g., byte values). The sum may be negated by means of a ones'-complement operation prior to transmission to detect unintentional all-zero messages. Checksum schemes include parity bits, check digits, and longitudinal redundancy checks.
The parity bit may be used within another constituent code. In an example using the DVB-S2 rate 2/3 code the encoded block size is 64800 symbols (N=64800) with 43200 data bits (K=43200) and 21600 parity bits (M=21600). Each constituent code (check node) encodes 16 data bits except for the first parity bit which encodes 8 data bits.
Parity for the digits from left and right group: OEOOEE EEEEEE (O = Odd parity, E = Even parity). The first digit in the EAN code: the combination of parities of the digits in the left group indirectly encodes the first digit 4. The complete EAN-13 code is thus: 4 003994 155486. Scanning part of an EAN-13 barcode.
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