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This is a list of operators in the C and C++ programming languages.. All listed operators are in C++ and lacking indication otherwise, in C as well. Some tables include a "In C" column that indicates whether an operator is also in C. Note that C does not support operator overloading.
However, when exponentiation is represented by an explicit symbol such as a caret (^) or arrow (↑), there is no common standard. For example, Microsoft Excel and computation programming language MATLAB evaluate a^b^c as (a b) c, but Google Search and Wolfram Alpha as a (b c). Thus 4^3^2 is evaluated to 4,096 in the first case and to 262,144 ...
A limitation to this strategy is that unary operators must all have higher precedence than infix operators. The "negative" operator in the above code has a higher precedence than exponentiation. Running the program with this input - a ^ 2. produces this output ((((-a)^(2)))) which is probably not what is intended.
In order to reflect normal usage, addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division operators are usually left-associative, [1] [2] [3] while for an exponentiation operator (if present) [4] [better source needed] there is no general agreement. Any assignment operators are typically right-associative. To prevent cases where operands would be ...
The sequence starts with a unary operation (the successor function with n = 0), and continues with the binary operations of addition (n = 1), multiplication (n = 2), exponentiation (n = 3), tetration (n = 4), pentation (n = 5), etc. Various notations have been used to represent hyperoperations.
x 1 = x; x 2 = x 2 for i = k - 2 to 0 do if n i = 0 then x 2 = x 1 * x 2; x 1 = x 1 2 else x 1 = x 1 * x 2; x 2 = x 2 2 return x 1. The algorithm performs a fixed sequence of operations (up to log n): a multiplication and squaring takes place for each bit in the exponent, regardless of the bit's specific value. A similar algorithm for ...
The binary number system expresses any number as a sum of powers of 2, and denotes it as a sequence of 0 and 1, separated by a binary point, where 1 indicates a power of 2 that appears in the sum; the exponent is determined by the place of this 1: the nonnegative exponents are the rank of the 1 on the left of the point (starting from 0), and ...
Modular exponentiation can be performed with a negative exponent e by finding the modular multiplicative inverse d of b modulo m using the extended Euclidean algorithm. That is: c = b e mod m = d −e mod m, where e < 0 and b ⋅ d ≡ 1 (mod m). Modular exponentiation is efficient to compute, even for very large integers.