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The Umayyad Caliphate or Umayyad Empire (UK: / uː ˈ m aɪ j æ d /, [2] US: / uː ˈ m aɪ æ d /; [3] Arabic: ٱلْخِلَافَة ٱلْأُمَوِيَّة, romanized: al-Khilāfa al-Umawiyya) [4] was the second caliphate established after the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and was ruled by the Umayyad dynasty.
The Umayyad dynasty (Arabic: بَنُو أُمَيَّةَ, romanized: Banū Umayya, lit. 'Sons of Umayya') or Umayyads (Arabic: الأمويون, romanized: al-Umawiyyūn) were the ruling family of the Syria-based Umayyad Caliphate in 661–750 and the Emirate and later Caliphate of Córdoba in 756–1031.
The Emirate of Córdoba, from 929, the Caliphate of Córdoba, was an Arab Islamic state ruled by the Umayyad dynasty from 756 to 1031. Its territory comprised most of the Iberian Peninsula (known to Muslims as al-Andalus), the Balearic Islands, and parts of North Africa, with its capital in Córdoba (at the time Qurṭubah).
Mu'awiya I (Arabic: معاوية بن أبي سفيان, romanized: Muʿāwiya ibn Abī Sufyān Arabic pronunciation: [muʕaːwija ibn abiː sufjaːn]; c. 597, 603 or 605 –April 680) was the founder and first caliph of the Umayyad Caliphate, ruling from 661 until his death.
Umayyad architecture developed in the Umayyad Caliphate between 661 and 750, primarily in its heartlands of Syria and Palestine. It drew extensively on the architecture of older Middle Eastern and Mediterranean civilizations including the Sassanian Empire and especially the Byzantine Empire , but introduced innovations in decoration and form.
The First Fitna was the first civil war in the Islamic community. It led to the overthrow of the Rashidun Caliphate and the establishment of the Umayyad Caliphate.The civil war involved three main battles between the fourth Rashidun caliph, Ali, and the rebel groups.
In addition, the large garrison at Derbent further depleted the already-overstretched Syro-Jaziran army, the main pillar of the Umayyad regime, [200] whose dispersion across the Caliphate's far-flung fronts was eventually the major factor in the fall of the Umayyad dynasty during the civil wars of the 740s and the subsequent Abbasid Revolution ...
This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 17 February 2025. Expansion of the Islamic state (622–750) For later military territorial expansion of Islamic states, see Spread of Islam. Early Muslim conquests Expansion under Muhammad, 622–632 Expansion under the Rashidun Caliphate, 632–661 Expansion under the Umayyad Caliphate, 661–750 Date ...