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Homocysteine (/ ˌ h oʊ m oʊ ˈ s ɪ s t iː n /; symbol Hcy) is a non-proteinogenic α-amino acid. It is a homologue of the amino acid cysteine , differing by an additional methylene bridge (-CH 2 -).
Homocysteine is a non-protein amino acid, synthesized from methionine and either recycled back into methionine or converted into cysteine with the aid of the B-group vitamins [citation needed]. About 50% of homocysteine [citation needed] is converted back to methionine by remethylation via the methionine synthase major pathway.
The remethylation process that detoxifies homocysteine and converts it back to methionine can occur via either of two pathways. The pathway present in virtually all cells involves the enzyme methionine synthase (MS), which requires vitamin B 12 as a cofactor, and also depends indirectly on folate and other B vitamins.
It’s rich in vitamins B6 and B12 as well as choline. All these nutrients play an important role in brain health and protecting your brain cells from damage. ... High blood levels of homocysteine ...
If B 12 is absent, the forward reaction of homocysteine to methionine does not occur, homocysteine concentrations increase, and the replenishment of tetrahydrofolate stops. [139] Because B 12 and folate are involved in the metabolism of homocysteine, hyperhomocysteinuria is a non-specific marker of deficiency.
Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase deficiency is the most common genetic cause of elevated serum levels of homocysteine (hyperhomocysteinemia). It is caused by genetic defects in MTHFR, which is an important enzyme in the methyl cycle. [1] Common variants of MTHFR deficiency are asymptomatic and have only minor effects on disease risk. [2]