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The diagram shows a typical reflux apparatus. It includes a water bath to indirectly heat the mixture. As many solvents used are flammable, direct heating with a Bunsen burner is not generally suitable, and alternatives such as a water bath, oil bath, sand bath, electric hot plate or heating mantle are employed. [6]
The more reflux and/or more trays provided, the better is the tower's separation of lower boiling materials from higher boiling materials. The design and operation of a fractionating column depends on the composition of the feed as well as the composition of the desired products.
In 1830, Irishman Aeneas Coffey patented the two-column, continuous distillation apparatus which bears his name, versions of which are now ubiquitous across the distilling industries. [7] The still allowed for the production of alcoholic spirit with an ethanol content of greater than 90%, though modern versions can achieve about 95%.
Diagram of a typical industrial distillation tower Industrial towers use reflux to achieve a more complete separation of products. Reflux refers to the portion of the condensed overhead liquid product from a distillation or fractionation tower that is returned to the upper part of the tower as shown in the schematic diagram of a typical, large ...
This is a diagram of a en:reflux apparatus with English labels. This is an SVG conversion, by hand, of en:Image:Reflux.png. A version with number labels instead of english can be found Image:Reflux.svg
English: Chemical reaction apparatus using reflux. Allihn condenser; Gripper Jaw to maintain the condenser and the flask in vertical position;
In chemistry, a condenser is laboratory apparatus used to condense vapors – that is, turn them into liquids – by cooling them down. [1] Condensers are routinely used in laboratory operations such as distillation, reflux, and extraction. In distillation, a mixture is heated until the more volatile components boil off, the vapors are ...
The vapors from the top of the column are a mixture of hydrocarbon gases and naphtha, at a temperature of 120 °C–130 °C. The vapor stream associated with steam used at the bottom of the column is condensed by the water cooler and the liquid collected in a vessel is known as a reflux drum which is present at the top of the column.