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Alec Jeffreys. After finishing his doctorate, he moved to the University of Amsterdam, where he worked on mammalian genes as a research fellow, [15] and then to the University of Leicester in 1977, where in 1984 he discovered a method of showing variations between individuals' DNA, inventing and developing genetic fingerprinting.
Determined to exonerate the man, he compared the fingerprints left behind at the crime scene to those of the suspect and found them to be different. On the strength of this evidence the police agreed to release the suspect. In an attempt to promote the idea of fingerprint identification he sought the help of the noted naturalist Charles Darwin.
A fingerprint classification system groups fingerprints according to their characteristics and therefore helps in the matching of a fingerprint against a large database of fingerprints. A query fingerprint that needs to be matched can therefore be compared with a subset of fingerprints in an existing database . [ 4 ]
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Vucetich was born in Hvar, Kingdom of Dalmatia, then part of the Austrian Empire, and immigrated to Argentina in 1884. [1] [2]In 1891, he began the first filing of fingerprints based on ideas of Francis Galton, which he expanded significantly.
Mary E. Holland (February 25, 1868 - March 27, 1915) was an American detective who became an early advocate for fingerprint identification in criminal investigations. She was one of the expert witnesses in the first case in which a criminal was convicted by fingerprint evidence in the United States.
By 1989 Alec Jeffreys, who had earlier developed and applied the first DNA Fingerprinting tests, used PCR to increase their sensitivity. [29] With further modification, the amplification of highly polymorphic Variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) loci became the standard protocol for National DNA Databases such as Combined DNA Index System (CODIS).