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The simplest pancake sorting algorithm performs at most 2n − 3 flips. In this algorithm, a kind of selection sort , we bring the largest pancake not yet sorted to the top with one flip; take it down to its final position with one more flip; and repeat this process for the remaining pancakes.
Algorithms to which the Method of Four Russians may be applied include: computing the transitive closure of a graph, Boolean matrix multiplication, edit distance calculation, sequence alignment, index calculation for binary jumbled pattern matching. In each of these cases it speeds up the algorithm by one or two logarithmic factors.
Instead, when superflip is composed with the "four-dot" or "four-spot" position, in which four faces have their centres exchanged with the centres on the opposite face, the resulting position requires 26 moves under QTM. [3] Under STM, the superflip requires at least 16 moves (as shown by the third algorithm).
The flipping party could easily lie about the outcome of the toss. In telecommunications and cryptography, the following algorithm can be used: Alice and Bob each privately choose a random word, e.g. bubblejet and knockback respectively. Alice privately decides to call "tails" on the coin flip. Bob sends Alice his chosen word knockback.
The best case for the algorithm now occurs when all elements are equal (or are chosen from a small set of k ≪ n elements). In the case of all equal elements, the modified quicksort will perform only two recursive calls on empty subarrays and thus finish in linear time (assuming the partition subroutine takes no longer than linear time).
Computing the flip distance between triangulations of a point set is both NP-complete and APX-hard. [15] [16] However, it is fixed-parameter tractable (FPT), and several FPT algorithms that run in exponential time have been proposed. [17] [18] Computing the flip distance between triangulations of a simple polygon is also NP-hard. [19]
The Wason selection task (or four-card problem) is a logic puzzle devised by Peter Cathcart Wason in 1966. [1] [2] [3] It is one of the most famous tasks in the study of deductive reasoning. [4] An example of the puzzle is: You are shown a set of four cards placed on a table, each of which has a number on one side and a color on the other.
Four glasses or tumblers are placed on the corners of a square Lazy Susan.Some of the glasses are upright (up) and some upside-down (down). A blindfolded person is seated next to the Lazy Susan and is required to re-arrange the glasses so that they are all up or all down, either arrangement being acceptable, which will be signalled by the ringing of a bell.