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The procedural interface is similar to that of the old MySQL extension. In many cases, the function names differ only by prefix. Some MySQLi functions take a connection handle as their first argument, whereas matching functions in the old MySQL interface took it as an optional last argument. New and old native function calls
Connection pooling is a technique designed to alleviate this problem. A pool of database connections can be created and then shared among the applications that need to access the database. The connection object obtained from the connection pool is often a wrapper around the actual database connection.
Trino is an open-source distributed SQL query engine designed to query large data sets distributed over one or more heterogeneous data sources. [1] Trino can query data lakes that contain a variety of file formats such as simple row-oriented CSV and JSON data files to more performant open column-oriented data file formats like ORC or Parquet [2] [3] residing on different storage systems like ...
Major DBMSs, including SQLite, [5] MySQL, [6] Oracle, [7] IBM Db2, [8] Microsoft SQL Server [9] and PostgreSQL [10] support prepared statements. Prepared statements are normally executed through a non-SQL binary protocol for efficiency and protection from SQL injection, but with some DBMSs such as MySQL prepared statements are also available using a SQL syntax for debugging purposes.
SQL includes operators and functions for calculating values on stored values. SQL allows the use of expressions in the select list to project data, as in the following example, which returns a list of books that cost more than 100.00 with an additional sales_tax column containing a sales tax figure calculated at 6% of the price.
A function is a subprogram written to perform certain computations. A scalar function returns only one value (or NULL), whereas a table function returns a (relational) table comprising zero or more rows, each row with one or more columns. Functions must return a value (using the RETURN keyword), but for stored procedures this is not mandatory.
SQL allows triggers to fire on updates to specific columns; As of version 9.0 of PostgreSQL this feature is also implemented in PostgreSQL. The standard allows the execution of a number of SQL statements other than SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, such as CREATE TABLE as the triggered action. This can be done through creating a stored procedure or ...
In the first example, GRANT gives privileges to user User1 to do SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE on the table named Employees. In the second example, REVOKE removes User1's privileges to use the INSERT command on the table Employees. DENY is a specific command.