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By the 1850s, railroad operating rules, often printed as pamphlets or on the back of a time card, had evolved to near universal application. On April 14, 1887 representatives of 48 railroads voted for the adoption of what is now known as the Standard Code of Operating Rules (SCOR), published by the AAR. Thus, all railroad rule books in North ...
A Pennsylvania Railroad high signal displaying Approach Medium Amtrak colorized position lights at Trenton, New Jersey. Position light signals use rows of 5 + 3 ⁄ 8-inch-diameter (140 mm) lamps to simulate the positions of an upper quadrant semaphore blade.
In 1895, the Railway Signaling Club was organized at a meeting in Chicago, Illinois, and created a code of rules governing the operation of interlockings. In 1919, the Signaling Club became the Signal Division of the newly created American Railway Association (ARA) and the Telegraph Superintendents became its Telegraph and Telephone Section.
The General Code of Operating Rules (GCOR) is a set of operating rules for railroads in the United States. The GCOR is used by Class I railroads west of Chicago , most of the Class II railroads , and many Short-line railroads .
The NORAC rules are intended to enhance railroad safety. The rules cover employee responsibilities, signaling equipment, procedures for safe train movement, dealing with accidents and other topics that directly and indirectly affect railroad safety. These rules govern operation on main lines, defined as those with some form of block control system.
Electric color light signals require replacement of failed bulbs, and checking of electric circuits and relays, and replacement of failed electrical components. [18] Signal maintaining staff would also assist in the care and upkeep of railroad switches, such as removal of debris preventing switches from moving, oil and greasing of motors. [18]
The most universal type of light is the headlight, which is included on the front of locomotives, and frequently on the rear as well. [2] Other types of lights include classification lights, which indicate train direction and status, and ditch lights, which are a pair of lights positioned towards the bottom of a train to illuminate the tracks.
The vertical light bar in the middle of the signal indicates the maximum permitted speed for the section of track where the lead car is currently located. Cab signaling is a railway safety system that communicates track status and condition information to the cab, crew compartment or driver's compartment of a locomotive, railcar or multiple unit.