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Accessory pathways are often diagnosed using an electrocardiogram, but characterisation and location of the pathway may require an electrophysiological study. Accessory pathways may not require any treatment, but those causing symptoms may be treated with medication including calcium channel antagonists, beta blockers or flecainide. [3]
Collateral circulation is the alternate circulation around a blocked artery or vein via another path, such as nearby minor vessels. [1] It may occur via preexisting vascular redundancy (analogous to engineered redundancy), as in the circle of Willis in the brain, or it may occur via new branches formed between adjacent blood vessels (neovascularization), as in the eye after a retinal embolism ...
Schaffer collaterals are axon collaterals given off by CA3 pyramidal cells in the hippocampus.These collaterals project to area CA1 of the hippocampus [1] and are an integral part of memory formation and the emotional network of the Papez circuit, and of the hippocampal trisynaptic loop.
Coronary anastomoses are a clinically vital subject: the coronary anastomosis is the blood supply to the heart. The coronary arteries are vulnerable to arteriosclerosis and other effects. Inadequate supply to the heart will lead to chest pains or a heart attack (myocardial infarction). These can be ameliorated by surgical intervention to create ...
Coronary collateralization exists latently in the normal heart.Microscopic collateral vessels of the heart undergo a process called transformation that widens the vessel lumen at the expense of its cell wall in response to myocardial stresses—specifically, myocardial spasm and hypoxia secondary to myocardial infarction or acutely stressful exercise.
A molecule, called adenosine triphosphate (ATP) which is produced by an intracellular structure called a mitochondrion, is then used, as a source of energy, to help move the myosin head, carrying the actin. As a result, the actin slides across the myosin filament shortening the muscle. This is called a power stroke.
In the heart's conduction system electrical activity that originates from the sinoatrial node (SAN) is propagated via the His-Purkinje network, the fastest conduction pathway within the heart. The electrical signal travels from the sinoatrial node, which stimulates the atria to contract, to the atrioventricular node (AVN) , which slows down ...
The anastomotic network surrounding the scapula provides an alternate path for collateral circulation to the arm from arteries including the dorsal scapular artery and suprascapular artery. The right axillary artery is often used as an arterial cannulation site in cardiac surgery , particularly for repair of aortic dissection and replacement of ...