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Particle verbs (phrasal verbs in the strict sense) are two-word verbs composed of a simple verb and a particle extension that modifies its meaning. The particle is thus integrally collocated with the verb. In older grammars, the particle was usually analyzed as an adverb. [8] [9] a. Kids grow up so fast these days b. You shouldn't give in so ...
The first rule reads: A S consists of a NP (noun phrase) followed by a VP (verb phrase). The second rule reads: A noun phrase consists of an optional Det followed by a N (noun). The third rule means that a N (noun) can be preceded by an optional AP (adjective phrase) and followed by an optional PP (prepositional phrase). The round brackets ...
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The verb run has an obligatory argument, its subject (a DP agent), which must appear in the sentence. The following subcategorization frame for the verb run specifies its properties. The subcategorization frame of run is as follows: run Verb, [DP agent __ ] An adverb such as fast has its own subcategorization frame: fast Adverb, [VP_]
This test is widely used to probe the structure of strings containing verbs (because do is a verb). [8] The test is limited in its applicability, though, precisely because it is only applicable to strings containing verbs: Drunks could put off the customers. (a) Drunks could do so. (do so = put off the customers) (b) Drunks do so.
The interrogative whom is the direct object of the verb like in each of these examples. The dependency relation between the canonical, empty position and the wh-expression appears to be unbounded, in the sense that there is no upper bound on how deeply embedded within the given sentence the empty position may appear.
In short, I consider phrasal verbs as limited solely to verb + particle as collocated without an intervening noun/pronoun. In my book, the four items ID'd above are verb phrases although #3 from above is a verb phrase that entails the put up phrasal verb followed by with (someone or something) as a predicative object.