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One common way in which trypanosomiasis can be diagnosed in humans is through the detection of antibodies against trypanosomes made by host organisms. [6] One commonly used antibody test which operated based on this principle is the card agglutination test, C.A.T.T. for T. gambiense. [6] [7] In this test, reagent is mixed with blood and shaken.
T. brucei, which causes sleeping sickness in humans and nagana in cattle; T. cruzi, which causes Chagas disease in humans; Trypanosoma culicavium, which infects birds and mosquitoes; T. congolense, which causes nagana in ruminant livestock, horses and a wide range of wildlife; T. equinum, in South American horses, transmitted via Tabanidae,
They form a 12–15 nm surface coat. VSG dimers make up ~90% of all cell surface protein and ~10% of total cell protein. [citation needed] For this reason, these proteins are highly immunogenic and an immune response raised against a specific VSG coat will rapidly kill trypanosomes expressing this variant. However, with each cell division there ...
African trypanosomiasis symptoms occur in two stages: the hemolymphatic stage and the neurological stage (the latter being characterised by parasitic invasion of the central nervous system). [9] [10] Neurological symptoms occur in addition to the initial features, and the two stages may be difficult to distinguish based on clinical features ...
The three major human diseases caused by trypanosomatids are; African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness, caused by Trypanosoma brucei and transmitted by tsetse flies [3]), South American trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease, caused by T. cruzi and transmitted by triatomine bugs), and leishmaniasis (a set of trypanosomal diseases caused by various species of Leishmania transmitted by sandflies [4]).
The first is a parasite of non-human mammals and causes nagana, while the latter two are zoonotic infecting both humans and animals and cause African trypanosomiasis. T. brucei is transmitted between mammal hosts by an insect vector belonging to different species of tsetse fly (Glossina). Transmission occurs by biting during the insect's blood ...
Chagas disease is caused by infection with the protozoan parasite T. cruzi, which is typically introduced into humans through the bite of triatomine bugs, also called "kissing bugs". [4] When the insect defecates at the bite site, motile T. cruzi forms called trypomastigotes enter the bloodstream and invade various host cells. [ 5 ]
Due to the need for trypanothione in order to defend against oxidative stresses, and maintain thiol and ribonucleotide metabolism. It was observed that induced knockout of trypanothione synthase through RNA interference caused a reduced growth rate of twofold among trypanosoma brucei due to the immediate disruption of flux through thiol redox. [7]