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Machine learning (ML) is a field of study in artificial intelligence concerned with the development and study of statistical algorithms that can learn from data and generalize to unseen data, and thus perform tasks without explicit instructions. [1]
A training data set is a data set of examples used during the learning process and is used to fit the parameters (e.g., weights) of, for example, a classifier. [9] [10]For classification tasks, a supervised learning algorithm looks at the training data set to determine, or learn, the optimal combinations of variables that will generate a good predictive model. [11]
ML (Meta Language) is a general-purpose, high-level, functional programming language.It is known for its use of the polymorphic Hindley–Milner type system, which automatically assigns the data types of most expressions without requiring explicit type annotations (type inference), and ensures type safety; there is a formal proof that a well-typed ML program does not cause runtime type errors. [1]
Deep learning is a subset of machine learning that focuses on utilizing neural networks to perform tasks such as classification, regression, and representation learning.The field takes inspiration from biological neuroscience and is centered around stacking artificial neurons into layers and "training" them to process data.
There is also an increasing attention to scientific modelling [4] in fields such as science education, [5] philosophy of science, systems theory, and knowledge visualization. There is a growing collection of methods , techniques and meta- theory about all kinds of specialized scientific modelling.
Applications of machine learning (ML) in earth sciences include geological mapping, gas leakage detection and geological feature identification.Machine learning is a subdiscipline of artificial intelligence aimed at developing programs that are able to classify, cluster, identify, and analyze vast and complex data sets without the need for explicit programming to do so. [1]
Meta-learning [1] [2] is a subfield of machine learning where automatic learning algorithms are applied to metadata about machine learning experiments. As of 2017, the term had not found a standard interpretation, however the main goal is to use such metadata to understand how automatic learning can become flexible in solving learning problems, hence to improve the performance of existing ...
Padilla et al. recommend in "Do we Need M&S Science" to distinguish between M&S Science, Engineering, and Applications. [10] M&S Science contributes to the Theory of M&S, defining the academic foundations of the discipline. M&S Engineering is rooted in Theory but looks for applicable solution patterns. The focus is general methods that can be ...