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Conventional vaccines contain either specific antigens from a pathogen, or attenuated viruses which stimulate an immune response in the vaccinated organism. DNA vaccines are members of the genetic vaccines, because they contain a genetic information (DNA or RNA) that codes for the cellular production (protein biosynthesis) of an antigen.
A genetic vaccine (also gene-based vaccine) is a vaccine that contains nucleic acids such as DNA or RNA that lead to protein biosynthesis of antigens within a cell. Genetic vaccines thus include DNA vaccines , RNA vaccines and viral vector vaccines .
RNA vaccines and DNA vaccines are examples of third generation vaccines. [ 169 ] [ 170 ] [ 171 ] In 2016 a DNA vaccine for the Zika virus began testing at the National Institutes of Health . Separately, Inovio Pharmaceuticals and GeneOne Life Science began tests of a different DNA vaccine against Zika in Miami.
Viral vector vaccines enable antigen expression within cells and induce a robust cytotoxic T cell response, unlike subunit vaccines which only confer humoral immunity. [7] [17] In order to transfer a nucleic acid coding for a specific protein to a cell, the vaccines employ a variant of a virus as its vector.
Creating a new vaccine can involve thousands of people over several years. Here's what it takes to produce a new FDA-approved vaccine.
The idea of using genetic material to produce an immune response has opened up a world of research and potential medical uses far out of reach of traditional vaccines. Deborah Fuller is a ...
The vaccines do not contain any of the original fetal tissue or cells or cells derived from fetal materials. [5] Although the vaccine materials are purified from cell debris, traces of human DNA fragments remain. [6] [7] [8] The cell lines continue to replicate on their own and no further sources of fetal cells are needed. [5]
The vaccine is given as an intradermal injection using a spring-powered jet injector. [2] [3] This is because successful transfection of DNA vaccines requires traveling across both the cell plasma membrane and the nuclear membrane, [4] and using a conventional needle gives poor results and leads to low immunogenicity. [4] [5]