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Sixty major episodes of coral bleaching have occurred between 1979 and 1990, [58] [59] with the associated coral mortality affecting reefs in every part of the world. In 2016, the longest coral bleaching event was recorded. [60] The longest and most destructive coral bleaching event was because of the El Niño that occurred from 2014 to 2017. [61]
When corals are in suboptimal conditions they are less able to protect themselves from algal coverage, diseases, and other stressors. This diversion of energy from growth puts the coral's life at risk. Coral bleaching is the result of the loss of vital zooxanthellae; any of the stressors can cause bleaching. [14]
CO 2 sequestration in the ocean. Ocean fertilization or ocean nourishment is a type of technology for carbon dioxide removal from the ocean based on the purposeful introduction of plant nutrients to the upper ocean to increase marine food production and to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
The Great Barrier Reef's massive loss to coral bleaching last year might have been just a taste of things to come. According to a study by a team of marine scientists, 99 percent of the world's ...
Huge stretches of coral reef around the world are turning a ghostly white this year amid record warm ocean temperatures. On Monday, the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ...
A staggering 77% of the world’s coral reef areas — from the Atlantic to the Pacific to the Indian oceans — have so far been subjected to bleaching-level heat stress, according to satellite ...
Bleaching occurs when the zooxanthellae and coralline algae leave the coral skeleton behind due to stresses in the water. This causes the coral to lose its colour because the previous organisms sustained on the coral skeleton vacate, leaving a white skeleton. The bleached coral can no longer complete photosynthesis, and so it slowly dies.
For example, coral reefs, which are built by coral polyps secreting calcium carbonate skeletons, are particularly vulnerable to changes in calcium carbonate saturation. [ 14 ] There is much debate in the scientific community on whether calcification rates correlate more with carbonate ions and saturation state or with pH.