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The most common antibody isotype involved in warm antibody AIHA is IgG, though sometimes IgA is found. The IgG antibodies attach to a red blood cell, leaving their F C portion exposed with maximal reactivity at 37 °C (versus cold antibody induced hemolytic anemia whose antibodies only bind red blood cells at low body temperatures, typically 28–31 °C).
Cold agglutinins develop in more than 60% of patients with infectious mononucleosis, but hemolytic anemia is rare. Classic chronic cold agglutinin disease is idiopathic, associated with symptoms and signs in relation to cold exposure.
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) is an autoimmune disorder which occurs when antibodies directed against the person's own red blood cells (RBCs) cause them to burst , leading to an insufficient number of oxygen-carrying red blood cells in circulation . The lifetime of the RBCs is reduced from the normal 100–120 days to just a few days in ...
Cold agglutinin disease (CAD) is a rare autoimmune disease characterized by the presence of high concentrations of circulating cold sensitive antibodies, usually IgM and autoantibodies that are also active at temperatures below 30 °C (86 °F), [1] directed against red blood cells, causing them to agglutinate and undergo lysis. [2]
Alloimmune hemolytic anemia [1] Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) [1] Rh disease (Rh D) [1] ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn [1] Anti-Kell hemolytic disease of the newborn [1] Rhesus c hemolytic disease of the newborn [1] Rhesus E hemolytic disease of the newborn [1] Other blood group incompatibility (RhC, Rhe, Kidd, Duffy, MN, P and ...
People may develop cold agglutinins from lymphoproliferative disorders, from infection with Mycoplasma pneumoniae or Epstein–Barr virus, or idiopathically (without any apparent cause). Red cell agglutination can also occur in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria [2]: 13 [3] and warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia.
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