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A bad sector in computing is a disk sector on a disk storage unit that is unreadable. Upon taking damage, all information stored on that sector is lost. When a bad sector is found and marked, the operating system like Windows or Linux will skip it in the future. Bad sectors are a threat to information security in the sense of data remanence.
Internal hard drive defect management is a system present in hard drives for handling of bad sectors.The systems are generally proprietary and vary from manufacturer to manufacturer, but typically consist of a "P" (for "permanent" or "primary") list of bad sectors detected in the manufacturing stage and a "G" (for "growth") list of bad sectors that crop up after manufacturing. [1]
SpinRite was originally written as a hard drive interleave tool. [3] At the time SpinRite was designed, hard drives often had a defect list printed on the nameplate, listing known bad sectors discovered at the factory.
badblocks is a Linux utility to check for bad sectors on a disk drive.It can create a text file with a list of these sectors that can be used with other programs, like mkfs, so that they are not used in the future and thus do not cause data corruption.
The software can also be used to generate and sometimes repair bad sectors. Recent versions include support for DCO restore and freeze operations, HPA security (password) operations and simulated bad sectors. [2] ATATool is no longer available for personal download and can only be used for "professional users" like for security researchers. [3]
When using sector slipping for bad sectors, disk access time is not largely affected. The drive will skip over a bad sector using the time it would have used to read it. Spare sectors are located on the disk to aid in having sectors to “slip” other sectors down to, allowing for the preservation of sequential ordering of the data.