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Level of measurement or scale of measure is a classification that describes the nature of information within the values assigned to variables. [1] Psychologist Stanley Smith Stevens developed the best-known classification with four levels, or scales, of measurement: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio.
The GCE is composed of three levels; they are, in increasing order of difficulty: the Ordinary Level ("O Level"); the Advanced Subsidiary Level ("A1 Level" or "AS Level"), higher than the O Level, serving as a level in its own right, and functioning as a precursor to the full Advanced Level; and; Advanced Level ("A Level").
O-level logo. The General Certificate of Education (GCE) Ordinary Level, also called the O-level or O level, was a subject-based academic qualification.Introduced in 1951 as a replacement for the 16+ School Certificate (SC), the O-level would act as a pathway to the new, more in-depth and academically rigorous A-level (Advanced Level), in England, Wales and Northern Ireland.
The Cambridge O-Level has already been phased out and is no longer available in certain administrative regions. [3] There are some differences between O levels and IGCSE. The lowest achievable grade in O levels is E whereas in IGCSE G is the lowest. O levels curriculum have lesser coursework options than IGCSE [4]
To create a more egalitarian system, the O Levels and CSE (but not the A Level) were replaced by the General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) in 1986. [11] As O Levels and CSEs had used different exam boards (except in Wales and Northern Ireland), new 'examining groups' were created.
Ordinal data is a categorical, statistical data type where the variables have natural, ordered categories and the distances between the categories are not known. [1]: 2 These data exist on an ordinal scale, one of four levels of measurement described by S. S. Stevens in 1946.
Statistics rarely give a simple Yes/No type answer to the question under analysis. Interpretation often comes down to the level of statistical significance applied to the numbers and often refers to the probability of a value accurately rejecting the null hypothesis (sometimes referred to as the p-value).
If both forms of the test were administered to a number of people, differences between scores on form A and form B may be due to errors in measurement only. [7] It involves: Administering one form of the test to a group of individuals; At some later time, administering an alternate form of the same test to the same group of people