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HER2 activation results from heterodimerization with another ERBB member or by homodimerization when HER2 concentration are high, for instance in cancer. [8] Amplification or over-expression of this oncogene has been shown to play an important role in the development and progression of certain aggressive types of breast cancer .
ErbB2 overexpression can occur in breast, ovarian, bladder, non-small-cell lung carcinoma, as well as several other tumor types. [28] Trastuzumab or Herceptin inhibits downstream signal cascades by selectively binding to the extracellular domain of ErbB-2 receptors to inhibit it. [28] This leads to decreased proliferation of tumor cells. [28]
Common side effects include fever, infection, cough, headache, trouble sleeping, and rash. [30] Other severe side effects include heart failure, allergic reactions, and lung disease. [30] Use during pregnancy may harm the baby. [22] Trastuzumab works by binding to the HER2 receptor and slowing down cell replication. [30]
In the United States, trastuzumab emtansine was approved specifically for treatment of HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer (mBC) in patients who have been treated previously with trastuzumab and a taxane (paclitaxel or docetaxel), and who have already been treated for mBC or developed tumor recurrence within six months of adjuvant therapy.
[19] [20] Trastuzumab, the first HER2-targeted drug developed in 1990, interferes with HER2 signalling. In 2001, a study showed that adding trastuzumab to chemotherapy improved overall survival in women with HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer. [21] Then, in 2005, it was shown that trastuzumab is effective as an adjuvant treatment in women ...
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is any breast cancer that either lacks or shows low levels of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) overexpression and/or gene amplification (i.e. the tumor is negative on all three tests giving the name triple-negative). [1]
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