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Overloading occurs when operating forces of the application produce loads that exceed the clamp load, causing the joint to loosen over time or fail catastrophically. Over-torquing Under-torquing can cause failures by allowing a joint to come loose, and it may also allow the joint to flex and thus fail under fatigue.
The capstan equation [1] or belt friction equation, also known as Euler–Eytelwein formula [2] (after Leonhard Euler and Johann Albert Eytelwein), [3] relates the hold-force to the load-force if a flexible line is wound around a cylinder (a bollard, a winch or a capstan).
When the applied service load doesn't exceed the clamping force of the fastener, the strain of the fastener will be lower than when the preloading is smaller than the applied load. It is therefore beneficial in high-frequency high-load situations with a higher risk of fatigue related failure, like a bolted down cylinder head , to use torque to ...
This is a combination of the nut applying an axial clamping force and also the shank of the bolt acting as a dowel, pinning the joint against sideways shear forces. For this reason, many bolts have a plain unthreaded shank (called the grip length), as this makes for a better, stronger dowel.
If the leadscrew has a collar which the load rides on, then the frictional forces between the interface must be accounted for in the torque calculations as well. For the following equation the load is assumed to be concentrated at the mean collar diameter ( d c {\displaystyle d_{\text{c}}} ): [ 12 ]
An HSK connection depends on a combination of axial clamping forces and taper-shank interference. All these forces are generated and controlled by the mating components' design parameters. The shank and spindle both must have precisely mating tapers and faces that are square to the taper's axis. There are several HSK clamping methods.
Alternatively, the buck [please define "buck"] is hammered more or less flush with the structure in a counter-sunk hole. On cooling, the rivet contracted axially exerting the clamping force on the joint. [1] Before the use of pneumatic hammers, e.g. in the construction of RMS Titanic, the person who hammered the rivet was known as the "basher".
Belleville washers, without serrations which can harm the clamping surface, have no significant locking capability in bolted applications. [6] On aircraft (typically experimental aircraft) with wooden propellers, Belleville washers used on the mounting bolts can be useful as an indicator of swelling or shrinkage of the wood.