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In nature, controlling or the avoidance of pathogens is an essential fitness strategy because disease-causing agents are ever-present. [5] Pathogens reproduce rapidly at the expense of their hosts' fitness, this creates a coevolutionary arms race between pathogen transmission and host avoidance.
An infectious disease agent can be transmitted in two ways: as horizontal disease agent transmission from one individual to another in the same generation (peers in the same age group) [3] by either direct contact (licking, touching, biting), or indirect contact through air – cough or sneeze (vectors or fomites that allow the transmission of the agent causing the disease without physical ...
Human-to-human transmission (HHT) is an epidemiologic vector, [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] especially in case the disease is borne by individuals known as ...
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to concepts related to infectious diseases in humans.. Infection – transmission, entry/invasion after evading/overcoming defense, establishment, and replication of disease-causing microscopic organisms (pathogens) inside a host organism, and the reaction of host tissues to them and to the toxins they produce.
[2] [1] [3] [4] Major modern diseases such as Ebola and salmonellosis are zoonoses. HIV was a zoonotic disease transmitted to humans in the early part of the 20th century, though it has now evolved into a separate human-only disease. [5] [6] [7] Human infection with animal influenza viruses is rare, as they do not transmit easily to or among ...
Anthroponosis refers to pathogens sourced from humans and can include human to non-human animal transmission but also human to human transmission. The term zoonosis technically refers to disease transferred between any animal and another animal, human or non-human, without discretion, and also been defined as disease transmitted from animals to ...
Lyme disease, caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi, is spread to humans via the bite of an infected blacklegged tick, also known as a deer tick (Ixodes scapularis). B. burgdorferi is considered enzootic , meaning that it is perpetuated in animals in the environment, outside of humans.
An epidemic curve, also known as an epi curve or epidemiological curve, is a statistical chart used in epidemiology to visualise the onset of a disease outbreak. It can help with the identification of the mode of transmission of the disease. It can also show the disease's magnitude, whether cases are clustered or if there are individual case ...