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In humans, the disgust responses are the primary mechanism for avoiding infection through behavior triggered by sensory cues. [10] [1] Tybur argues that pathogen disgust requires two psychological mechanisms: detection systems that recognize input cues associated with the presence of pathogens and integration systems that weigh cue-based pathogen threats with other fitness relevant factors and ...
An infectious disease agent can be transmitted in two ways: as horizontal disease agent transmission from one individual to another in the same generation (peers in the same age group) [3] by either direct contact (licking, touching, biting), or indirect contact through air – cough or sneeze (vectors or fomites that allow the transmission of the agent causing the disease without physical ...
[9] [10] Interhuman transmission is a synonym for HHT. [ 11 ] The World Health Organization designation of a pandemic hinges on the demonstrable fact that there is sustained HHT in two regions of the world.
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to concepts related to infectious diseases in humans.. Infection – transmission, entry/invasion after evading/overcoming defense, establishment, and replication of disease-causing microscopic organisms (pathogens) inside a host organism, and the reaction of host tissues to them and to the toxins they produce.
Disease resistance is the host trait that prevents infection or reduces the number of pathogens and parasites within or on a host. Tolerance to infection can be illustrated via comparing host performance versus increasing load. This is a reaction norm in which host performance is regressed against increasing disease burden. [1]
Studies show that olfactory cues of disease elicit disgust and predict pathogen avoidance behaviors. [12] In humans, body odors from diseased individuals are rated less desirable and likeable, [13] and perceived as unhealthier, more intense, and less pleasant. [14] Disgust of body odors is also influenced by the closeness of the source of odor.
The benefits of eradication include ending all morbidity and mortality caused by the disease, financial savings for individuals, health care providers, and governments, and enabling resources used to control the disease to be used elsewhere. [6] To date, two diseases have been eradicated using herd immunity and vaccination: rinderpest and smallpox.
Microsporidia is a group of fungi that infect species across the animal kingdom, one species of which can cause microsporidiosis in immunocompromised human hosts. [ 30 ] Pneumocystis jirovecii (formerly known as Pneumocystis carinii ) is a fungus that causes pneumocystis pneumonia , a respiratory infection.