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If Kraft's inequality holds with strict inequality, the code has some redundancy. If Kraft's inequality holds with equality, the code in question is a complete code. [2] If Kraft's inequality does not hold, the code is not uniquely decodable. For every uniquely decodable code, there exists a prefix code with the same length distribution.
A simple arithmetic calculator was first included with Windows 1.0. [5]In Windows 3.0, a scientific mode was added, which included exponents and roots, logarithms, factorial-based functions, trigonometry (supports radian, degree and gradians angles), base conversions (2, 8, 10, 16), logic operations, statistical functions such as single variable statistics and linear regression.
A great many important inequalities in information theory are actually lower bounds for the Kullback–Leibler divergence.Even the Shannon-type inequalities can be considered part of this category, since the interaction information can be expressed as the Kullback–Leibler divergence of the joint distribution with respect to the product of the marginals, and thus these inequalities can be ...
Call a full subtree of height whose leaves are a subset of the leaves of the full binary tree of depth , an -triangle. Identify a codeword of length l {\displaystyle l} with a node in the tree at depth l {\displaystyle l} , as usual, and also with the ( l m − l ) {\displaystyle (l_{m}-l)} -triangle rooted at that node.
The Shannon–McMillan–Breiman theorem, due to Claude Shannon, Brockway McMillan, and Leo Breiman, states that we have convergence in the sense of L1. [2] Chung Kai-lai generalized this to the case where X {\displaystyle X} may take value in a set of countable infinity, provided that the entropy rate is still finite.
The triangle inequality is a defining property of norms and measures of distance. This property must be established as a theorem for any function proposed for such purposes for each particular space: for example, spaces such as the real numbers, Euclidean spaces, the L p spaces (p ≥ 1), and inner product spaces.
The Atkinson index is defined as: (, …,) = {(=) / (=) / = (,...,) = +where is individual income (i = 1, 2, ..., N) and is the mean income.. In other words, the Atkinson index is the complement to 1 of the ratio of the Hölder generalized mean of exponent 1−ε to the arithmetic mean of the incomes (where as usual the generalized mean of exponent 0 is interpreted as the geometric mean).
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