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High-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN) is an abnormality of prostatic glands and believed to precede the development of prostate adenocarcinoma (the most common form of prostate cancer). [1] [2] It may be referred to simply as prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN).
This recognizes that prostatic carcinomas have multiple patterns and that prognosis is more accurately determined by adding the scores of the two most prevalent patterns. Using this system, the grades of the most prevalent and second most prevalent patterns (if at least 5% of the total), are added together to yield the overall Gleason score.
However, high magnification (right image) shows the key feature of prominent nucleoli (visible at 200x magnification to make the diagnosis of "high-grade"), as well as other typical features of HGPIN. Reference for features: - Margaret Sanders, M.B.B.Ch., Murali Varma, M.B.B.S.. High grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN).
The Nottingham prognostic index (NPI) is used to determine prognosis following surgery for breast cancer. [1] [2] Its value is calculated using three pathological criteria: the size of the tumour; the number of involved lymph nodes; and the grade of the tumour. [1] It is calculated to select patients for adjuvant treatment.
The International Prognostic Index (IPI) is a clinical tool developed by oncologists to aid in predicting the prognosis of patients with aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Previous to IPI's development, the primary consideration in assessing prognosis was the Ann Arbor stage alone, but this was increasingly found to be an inadequate means of ...
Mitoses (also seen in for example high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN) and prostate inflammation). [4] Prominent nucleoli [4] Intraluminal eosinophilic secretion [4] Intraluminal blue mucin [4]
Five-year survival rates can be used to compare the effectiveness of treatments. Use of five-year survival statistics is more useful in aggressive diseases that have a shorter life expectancy following diagnosis, such as lung cancer , and less useful in cases with a long life expectancy, such as prostate cancer .
Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN-1 aka Wermer Syndrome) is one of a group of disorders, the multiple endocrine neoplasias, that affect the endocrine system through development of neoplastic lesions in pituitary, parathyroid gland and pancreas. [1]