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The linguistic prehistory of the western Himalayas: endangered minority languages as a window to the past. Presented at Panel on Endangered Languages and Historical Linguistics, 23rd International Conference on Historical Linguistics (ICHL 23), San Antonio, Texas. Widmer, Manuel. 2018. The linguistic prehistory of the western Himalayas.
English is a co-official language of Pakistan and is widely used in the executive, legislative and judicial branches as well as to some extent in the officer ranks of Pakistan's armed forces. Pakistan's Constitution and laws were written in English and are now being re-written in the local languages.
The Western Himalayas are the western half of the Himalayas, in northwestern India and northern Pakistan. Four of the five tributaries of the Indus River in Punjab ( Beas , Chenab , Jhelum , and Ravi ) rise in the Western Himalayas; while the fifth, the Sutlej cuts through the range after rising in Tibet.
Pahari, or Pahadi (पहाड़ी پہاڑی pahāṛī 'of the hills/mountains'; English: / p ə ˈ h ɑː r i /), [1] is an ambiguous term that has been used for a variety of languages, dialects and language groups, most of which are found in the lower Himalayas. Most commonly, it refers to:
Some Western Pahari languages, like Sarazi, Bhaderwahi and Padder-Pangwali are also spoken further north in Jammu and Kashmir, specifically in the districts of Ramban and Doda. Languages such as Sarazi, Bhaderwahi and Padder-Pangwali have been influenced heavily by Kashmiri language and also influenced the Kashmiri language spoken in this region.
Pahari Pothwari is an Indo-Aryan language variety of the Lahnda group, [b] spoken in the northern half of Pothohar Plateau, in Punjab, Pakistan, as well as in the most of Pakistan-administered Azad Kashmir and in the western areas of Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir.
There are about 10,000 people in the western Himalayas who speak the Pattani Language. Pattani Language has several names. One of them is Manchad, which was given by the Tod valley people who live in the area where Manchad was originated. The religious belief of Manchad speakers is either Hinduism or Buddhism.
Takri itself has historically been used to write a number of Western Pahari Languages in the Western Himalaya, such as Gaddi or Gaddki (the language of the Gaddi ethnic group), Kishtwari (a language, or possibly a highly idiosyncratic dialect of Kashmiri, spoken in the Kishtwar region of Jammu and Kashmir) and Chambeali (the language of the ...