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Levetiracetam, sold under the brand name Keppra among others, is a novel antiepileptic drug [7] used to treat epilepsy. [8] It is used for partial-onset, myoclonic, or tonic–clonic seizures, [7] and is taken either by mouth as an immediate or extended release formulation or by injection into a vein.
Both newer and older drugs are generally equally effective in new onset epilepsy. [42] The newer drugs tend to have fewer side effects. [42] For newly diagnosed partial or mixed seizures, there is evidence for using gabapentin, lamotrigine, oxcarbazepine or topiramate as monotherapy. [42]
Common adverse effects of bupropion with the greatest difference from placebo are dry mouth, nausea, constipation, insomnia, anxiety, tremor, and excessive sweating. [10] [11] Raised blood pressure is notable. [23] Rare but serious side effects include seizures, [10] [11] liver toxicity, [24] psychosis, [25] and risk of overdose. [26]
Abnormal dreams; Aggression; Anaphylactic shock; Angioedema (indicative of a hypersensitivity reaction); Arthralgia; Ataxia; Blood glucose disturbances; Bronchospasm (indicative of a hypersensitivity reaction)
It has been used in convulsive therapy, and was found to be effective—primarily for depression—but side effects such as uncontrolled seizures were difficult to avoid. [1] In 1939, pentylenetetrazol was replaced by electroconvulsive therapy , which is easier to administer, as the preferred method for inducing seizures in England's mental ...
Type A: augmented pharmacological effects, which are dose-dependent and predictable [5]; Type A reactions, which constitute approximately 80% of adverse drug reactions, are usually a consequence of the drug's primary pharmacological effect (e.g., bleeding when using the anticoagulant warfarin) or a low therapeutic index of the drug (e.g., nausea from digoxin), and they are therefore predictable.
Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, dizziness, drowsiness, double vision and trouble with walking. [3] Serious side effects may include anaphylaxis, liver problems, pancreatitis, suicide ideation, and an abnormal heart beat. [3] [6] While use during pregnancy may harm the baby, use may be less risky than having a seizure.
[2]: 118 As of 2015, two cases of AHS have been reported that manifested during long-term treatment with multiple anti-seizure medications. Death due to multiple organ failure can occur; symptoms also mimic lymphoma and AHS has been called "pseudolymphoma" as a result. Changing the medications involved to those in a different class can avoid ...