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Hexadecimal (also known as base-16 or simply hex) is a positional numeral system that represents numbers using a radix (base) of sixteen. Unlike the decimal system representing numbers using ten symbols, hexadecimal uses sixteen distinct symbols, most often the symbols "0"–"9" to represent values 0 to 9 and "A"–"F" to represent values from ten to fifteen.
"A base is a natural number B whose powers (B multiplied by itself some number of times) are specially designated within a numerical system." [1]: 38 The term is not equivalent to radix, as it applies to all numerical notation systems (not just positional ones with a radix) and most systems of spoken numbers. [1]
In contrast to decimal, or radix 10, which has a ones' place, tens' place, hundreds' place, and so on, radix b would have a ones' place, then a b 1 s' place, a b 2 s' place, etc. [2] For example, if b = 12, a string of digits such as 59A (where the letter "A" represents the value of ten) would represent the value 5 × 12 2 + 9 × 12 1 + 10 × ...
The set Γ of all open intervals in forms a basis for the Euclidean topology on .. A non-empty family of subsets of a set X that is closed under finite intersections of two or more sets, which is called a π-system on X, is necessarily a base for a topology on X if and only if it covers X.
The monomial basis also forms a basis for the vector space of polynomials. After all, every polynomial can be written as a 0 + a 1 x 1 + a 2 x 2 + ⋯ + a n x n {\displaystyle a_{0}+a_{1}x^{1}+a_{2}x^{2}+\cdots +a_{n}x^{n}} for some n ∈ N {\displaystyle n\in \mathbb {N} } , which is a linear combination of monomials.
From a Wythoff construction there are fourteen hyperbolic uniform tilings that can be based from the regular order-6 octagonal tiling.. Drawing the tiles colored as red on the original faces, yellow at the original vertices, and blue along the original edges, there are 7 forms with full [8,6] symmetry, and 7 with subsymmetry.
Also, because it encodes five 8-bit bytes (40 bits) to eight 5-bit base32 characters rather than three 8-bit bytes (24 bits) to four 6-bit base64 characters, padding to an 8-character boundary is a greater burden on short messages (which may be a reason to elide padding, which is an option in RFC 4648).
This tiling represents a hyperbolic kaleidoscope of 4 mirrors meeting as edges of a square, with eight squares around every vertex. This symmetry by orbifold notation is called (*444444) with 6 order-4 mirror intersections.