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  2. Clausius theorem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clausius_theorem

    The Clausius theorem is a mathematical representation of the second law of thermodynamics. It was developed by Rudolf Clausius who intended to explain the relationship between the heat flow in a system and the entropy of the system and its surroundings. Clausius developed this in his efforts to explain entropy and define it quantitatively.

  3. Second law of thermodynamics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_law_of_thermodynamics

    The Clausius theorem ... Statistical mechanics gives an explanation for the second law by postulating that a material is composed of atoms and molecules which are in ...

  4. Clausius–Clapeyron relation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clausius–Clapeyron_relation

    Substituting into the Clapeyron equation =, we can obtain the Clausius–Clapeyron equation [8]: 509 = for low temperatures and pressures, [8]: 509 where is the specific latent heat of the substance. Instead of the specific, corresponding molar values (i.e. L {\\displaystyle L} in kJ/mol and R = 8.31 J/(mol⋅K)) may also be used.

  5. Laws of thermodynamics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laws_of_thermodynamics

    By 1860, as formalized in the works of scientists such as Rudolf Clausius and William Thomson, what are now known as the first and second laws were established. Later, Nernst's theorem (or Nernst's postulate), which is now known as the third law, was formulated by Walther Nernst over the period 1906–1912. While the numbering of the laws is ...

  6. Rudolf Clausius - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Clausius

    Rudolf Julius Emanuel Clausius (German pronunciation: [ˈʁuːdɔlf ˈklaʊzi̯ʊs]; [1] [2] 2 January 1822 – 24 August 1888) was a German physicist and mathematician and is considered one of the central founding fathers of the science of thermodynamics. [3]

  7. Thermodynamic free energy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_free_energy

    Clausius originally called this the "transformation content" of the body, and then later changed the name to entropy. Thus, the heat used to transform the working body of molecules from one state to the next cannot be used to do external work, e.g., to push the piston. Clausius defined this transformation heat as =.

  8. Entropy (classical thermodynamics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy_(classical...

    The term was introduced by Rudolf Clausius in the mid-19th century to explain the relationship of the internal energy that is available or unavailable for transformations in form of heat and work. Entropy predicts that certain processes are irreversible or impossible, despite not violating the conservation of energy. [1]

  9. Thermodynamic equations - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_equations

    The first and second law of thermodynamics are the most fundamental equations of thermodynamics. They may be combined into what is known as fundamental thermodynamic relation which describes all of the changes of thermodynamic state functions of a system of uniform temperature and pressure.